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🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q24. Rituximab was the first monoclonal antibody approved by the FDA for treatment of: 🔹A) Breast cancer 🔹B) Colorectal cancer 🔹C) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 🔹D) Lung cancer 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q25. Cetuximab (Erbitux) is used for treatment of: 🔹A) Colorectal cancer and head & neck cancers 🔹B) RA and SLE 🔹C) Breast cancer only 🔹D) Crohn disease 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q26. Bevacizumab (Avastin) is used for treatment of all EXCEPT: 🔹A) Colorectal cancer 🔹B) Breast cancer 🔹C) Non-small lung cancer 🔹D) Hodgkin lymphoma 🔹✅ Answer: D ⸻ 🔹Q27. Linking monoclonal antibodies to radioactive substances allows: 🔹A) Direct delivery to cancer cells 🔹B) Increased antibody synthesis 🔹C) Complement inhibition 🔹D) T-cell activation 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q28. The term “magic bullet” refers to: 🔹A) Vaccination 🔹B) Specific killing of cancer cells using targeted therapy 🔹C) Gene editing 🔹D) Complement activation 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q29. A monoclonal antibody that blocks TNF-α is useful in treatment of: 🔹A) RA and Crohn disease 🔹B) SLE and asthma 🔹C) Breast cancer and RA 🔹D) Hodgkin lymphoma 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q30. According to the lecture, Rituximab is also used in: 🔹A) RA and SLE 🔹B) Asthma and eczema 🔹C) Type I diabetes and Graves disease 🔹D) Psoriasis and gout 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔥 Most likely Iraqi-style sneaky MCQ: 🔹A monoclonal antibody is produced from a hybridoma that survives indefinitely in culture and secretes antibodies against only one epitope. Which combination of properties made this possible? 🔹A) Activated B-cell antibody production + Myeloma immortality 🔹B) Activated T-cell cytokine production + Plasma-cell immortality 🔹C) Macrophage phagocytosis + Myeloma antibody secretion 🔹D) Plasma-cell immortality + T-cell activation 🔹✅ Answer: A

🔹Q1. Monoclonal antibodies are called “monoclonal” because they are derived from: 🔹A) Multiple plasma cells recognizing one antigen 🔹B) A single antibody-producing parent cell that forms a clone 🔹C) Multiple B-cell clones fused together 🔹D) A single myeloma cell 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q2. The antibodies produced by cells within the same clone are: 🔹A) Similar but not identical 🔹B) Directed against different epitopes 🔹C) Exactly the same 🔹D) Both IgG and IgM 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q3. The technique for producing monoclonal antibodies was discovered by: 🔹A) Ehrlich and Koch 🔹B) Jenner and Pasteur 🔹C) Kohler and Milstein 🔹D) Burnet and Medawar 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q4. Kohler and Milstein received the Nobel Prize for this work in: 🔹A) 1975 🔹B) 1980 🔹C) 1984 🔹D) 1990 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q5. A hybridoma is produced by fusion of: 🔹A) T cell + myeloma cell 🔹B) Plasma cell + macrophage 🔹C) Activated B cell + myeloma cell 🔹D) B cell + T cell 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q6. The major advantage contributed by the myeloma cell is its ability to: 🔹A) Produce antibodies 🔹B) Grow indefinitely in culture 🔹C) Present antigen 🔹D) Secrete cytokines 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q7. The myeloma cell selected for hybridoma production is chosen because it: 🔹A) Produces large amounts of antibody 🔹B) Produces IgM only 🔹C) Cannot produce antibody 🔹D) Produces complement proteins 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q8. The deficient enzyme in the myeloma cell line is: 🔹A) DNA polymerase 🔹B) HGPRT 🔹C) Reverse transcriptase 🔹D) Lysozyme 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q9. HGPRT deficiency makes myeloma cells unable to synthesize nucleotides from: 🔹A) Adenine and guanine 🔹B) Uracil and cytosine 🔹C) Hypoxanthine and thymidine 🔹D) ATP and GTP 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q10. The main consequence of HGPRT deficiency is inability to: 🔹A) Produce proteins 🔹B) Produce antibodies 🔹C) Synthesize DNA effectively 🔹D) Undergo mitosis 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q11. After dilution into microtiter wells, each well ideally contains: 🔹A) One clone 🔹B) One antigen 🔹C) One antibody molecule 🔹D) One T cell 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q12. Screening of hybridomas is performed using: 🔹A) Cell nuclei 🔹B) Cell membrane fragments 🔹C) Supernatant 🔹D) DNA extract 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q13. A selected hybridoma can produce monoclonal antibodies: 🔹A) For a short period only 🔹B) Until antigen disappears 🔹C) Indefinitely in culture 🔹D) Only after booster immunization 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q14. A monoclonal antibody reacts with: 🔹A) All epitopes of an antigen 🔹B) Multiple antigens 🔹C) A single epitope 🔹D) All immunoglobulins 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q15. Pregnancy tests use monoclonal antibodies specific for: 🔹A) α-chain of hCG 🔹B) β-chain of hCG 🔹C) LH only 🔹D) FSH only 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q16. Use of β-hCG-specific monoclonal antibodies helps by: 🔹A) Increasing complement activation 🔹B) Eliminating many false-positive reactions 🔹C) Increasing hormone production 🔹D) Detecting estrogen 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q17. Which is NOT listed as an in-vitro diagnostic use? 🔹A) Pregnancy testing 🔹B) Tumor antigen detection 🔹C) Hormone measurement 🔹D) Organ transplantation 🔹✅ Answer: D ⸻ 🔹Q18. In the genetic engineering method, human DNA coding for antibodies is inserted into: 🔹A) Retrovirus 🔹B) Adenovirus 🔹C) Bacteriophage 🔹D) Yeast 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q19. Bacteriophages are viruses that grow only inside: 🔹A) Fungi 🔹B) Human cells 🔹C) Bacteria 🔹D) Protozoa 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q20. In this technique, bacteriophages carrying human genes are used with: 🔹A) Staphylococcus aureus 🔹B) Bacillus subtilis 🔹C) E. coli 🔹D) Salmonella 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q21. As E. coli colonies grow, they produce: 🔹A) Human cytokines 🔹B) Human antibodies 🔹C) Human complement proteins 🔹D) Human T-cell receptors 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q22. Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is directed against: 🔹A) CD20 🔹B) EGFR 🔹C) HER-2 protein 🔹D) TNF-α 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q23. Trastuzumab is used in treatment of: 🔹A) Colon cancer 🔹B) Metastatic breast cancer 🔹C) RA 🔹D) Crohn disease

🔹Pregnancy test → means monoclonal antibodies detect the β-chain of hCG, reducing false-positive results. 🔹Tumor antigen detection → means monoclonal antibodies can be used to identify cancer markers. 🔹Hormone measurement → means monoclonal antibodies can be used to measure hormone levels accurately. 🔹Human DNA coding for antibodies inserted into bacteriophage → means the bacteriophage carries human antibody genes. 🔹Bacteriophage → means a virus that grows only inside bacteria. 🔹Bacteriophage carrying human genes used with E. coli → means the human antibody genes are transferred to the bacteria. 🔹E. coli colonies grow → means they produce human antibodies.

🔹Trastuzumab (Herceptin) → means treatment of metastatic breast cancer by targeting HER-2 protein. 🔹HER-2 protein → means a growth-promoting protein involved in some breast cancers. 🔹Rituximab (Rituxan) → means treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other B-cell malignancies. 🔹Cetuximab (Erbitux) → means treatment of colorectal cancer and head & neck cancers. 🔹Bevacizumab (Avastin) → means treatment of colorectal cancer, non-small lung cancer, and breast cancer.

🔹Monoclonal antibody linked to radioactive substances → means radiation is delivered directly to cancer cells. 🔹Monoclonal antibody linked to drugs → means drugs are delivered directly to cancer cells. 🔹Magic bullet → means specific killing of cancer cells. 🔹Anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody → means treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 🔹Anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody → means treatment of Crohn disease. 🔹Rituximab → means treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 🔹Rituximab → means treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

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🔹Q51. Which of the following is considered one of the key steps in the induction of most human cancers? 🔹A) Complement fixation on tumor cells 🔹B) Conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes 🔹C) Increased IgE production 🔹D) Activation of eosinophils 🔹✅ Answer: B) Conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes ⸻ 🔹Q52. Conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes may result from all EXCEPT: 🔹A) Mutation 🔹B) Translocation 🔹C) Amplification 🔹D) Complement fixation 🔹✅ Answer: D) Complement fixation ⸻ 🔹Q53. From an immunologic perspective, cancer cells are best described as: 🔹A) Completely foreign microbial cells 🔹B) Normal cells with increased antibody production 🔹C) Altered self-cells escaping growth regulation 🔹D) Cells destroyed only by humoral immunity 🔹✅ Answer: C) Altered self-cells escaping growth regulation ⸻ 🔹Q54. Tumor cells commonly display: 🔹A) Tumor-specific antigens and tumor-associated antigens 🔹B) Bacterial endotoxins only 🔹C) IgE receptors only 🔹D) Complement proteins only 🔹✅ Answer: A) Tumor-specific antigens and tumor-associated antigens ⸻ 🔹Q55. Oncofetal antigens are examples of: 🔹A) Tumor-associated antigens 🔹B) Cytotoxic granules 🔹C) Immune checkpoint inhibitors 🔹D) Macrophage enzymes 🔹✅ Answer: A) Tumor-associated antigens ⸻ 🔹Q56. The immune response to tumors includes all EXCEPT: 🔹A) CTL-mediated lysis 🔹B) NK-cell activity 🔹C) Macrophage-mediated tumor destruction 🔹D) IgE-mediated eosinophil killing 🔹✅ Answer: D) IgE-mediated eosinophil killing ⸻ 🔹Q57. ADCC in tumor immunity means destruction mediated by: 🔹A) Antibody plus immune effector cells 🔹B) Tumor markers in serum 🔹C) Proto-oncogene amplification 🔹D) Tumor suppressor mutation 🔹✅ Answer: A) Antibody plus immune effector cells ⸻ 🔹Q58. Coupling antibodies against tumor antigens with toxins or chemotherapeutic agents aims to: 🔹A) Increase toxicity mainly against normal cells 🔹B) Deliver toxic effect to tumor cells while sparing normal cells 🔹C) Suppress antigen presentation completely 🔹D) Convert tumor cells into macrophages 🔹✅ Answer: B) Deliver toxic effect to tumor cells while sparing normal cells ⸻ 🔹Q59. Experimental cancer immunotherapy includes: 🔹A) Genetically engineering tumor cells to secrete cytokines 🔹B) Blocking all antigen-presenting cells 🔹C) Preventing cytokine release 🔹D) Destroying all T cells 🔹✅ Answer: A) Genetically engineering tumor cells to secrete cytokines ⸻ 🔹Q60. Increasing the activity of antigen-presenting cells is mentioned as a way to: 🔹A) Decrease immune response against tumors 🔹B) Increase immune response against tumors 🔹C) Increase tumor marker secretion only 🔹D) Prevent CTL activation 🔹✅ Answer: B) Increase immune response against tumors

ممكن تجي All except:

🔹B) Tumor marker 🔹C) BCL-2 🔹D) p53 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q45. BCG in cancer immunotherapy mainly acts as: 🔹A) Macrophage activating compound 🔹B) Anti-PD-1 antibody 🔹C) Tumor marker 🔹D) Anti-apoptotic gene 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q46. IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ therapy can increase: 🔹A) Class I MHC 🔹B) AFP secretion 🔹C) BCL-2 overexpression 🔹D) Tumor antigen shedding 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q47. IFN-γ especially increases: 🔹A) Class II MHC on macrophages 🔹B) IgE secretion 🔹C) AFP production 🔹D) CEA production 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q48. TNF-α and TNF-β have: 🔹A) Direct anti-tumor activity 🔹B) Anti-apoptotic activity 🔹C) Tumor marker activity 🔹D) Checkpoint receptor activity 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q49. IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy activates: 🔹A) T cells and NK cells 🔹B) Tumor markers 🔹C) BCL-2 and p53 🔹D) AFP and CEA 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q50. Which genes are mentioned for genetic engineering in cancer immunotherapy? 🔹A) GM-CSF, IL-12, B7 🔹B) AFP, CEA, PSA 🔹C) p53, BCL-2, FasL only 🔹D) PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4 🔹✅ Answer: A

🔹Q22. AFP is associated with all of the following EXCEPT: 🔹A) Primary liver cancer 🔹B) Testicular cancer 🔹C) Ovarian cancer 🔹D) Prostate cancer 🔹✅ Answer: D ⸻ 🔹Q23. CEA is associated with: 🔹A) Colorectal cancer 🔹B) Prostate cancer 🔹C) Follicular lymphoma 🔹D) Breast cancer only 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q24. Which tumor antigen is described as unique to tumor cells and absent from normal cells? 🔹A) TATA 🔹B) TSTA 🔹C) CEA 🔹D) AFP 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q25. TATA mainly refers to: 🔹A) Tumor-specific antigens only 🔹B) Oncofetal tumor-associated antigens 🔹C) Macrophage receptors 🔹D) Checkpoint inhibitors 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q26. Immune surveillance means: 🔹A) Tumors suppress immune cells 🔹B) Recognition and destruction of non-self tumor cells by the immune system 🔹C) Tumors lose all MHC I expression 🔹D) Tumor markers are secreted in urine 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q27. Macrophages can kill tumor cells non-specifically because they are: 🔹A) MHC restricted 🔹B) Not MHC restricted 🔹C) Dependent on IgE 🔹D) CD8 positive 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q28. Macrophage direct anti-tumor killing includes all EXCEPT: 🔹A) Respiratory burst 🔹B) Nitric oxide 🔹C) TNF-α 🔹D) IL-4 mediated IgE switching 🔹✅ Answer: D ⸻ 🔹Q29. In macrophage-mediated ADCC, the macrophage binds antibody on tumor cells through: 🔹A) Fc receptor 🔹B) PD-1 🔹C) CTLA-4 🔹D) MHC II 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q30. NK cells kill antibody-coated tumor cells mainly by releasing: 🔹A) Perforin and granzymes 🔹B) AFP and CEA 🔹C) IL-4 and IL-5 🔹D) Histamine and prostaglandin 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q31. IFN-γ affects NK cells by all of the following EXCEPT: 🔹A) Activating inactive NK cells 🔹B) Hyperactivating already active NK cells 🔹C) Making NK cells resistant to PGE₂ 🔹D) Converting NK cells into plasma cells 🔹✅ Answer: D ⸻ 🔹Q32. CD8⁺ Tc cells kill tumor cells by: 🔹A) IgE and eosinophils 🔹B) Perforin and granzymes 🔹C) AFP and CEA 🔹D) PD-1 and PD-L1 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q33. CD4⁺ Tdth cells act against tumors mainly by: 🔹A) Direct perforin release 🔹B) Cytokine production 🔹C) Producing tumor markers 🔹D) Blocking CTLA-4 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q34. Cytokines released by CD4⁺ Tdth cells in the lecture include all EXCEPT: 🔹A) MIF 🔹B) MAF 🔹C) MCF 🔹D) AFP 🔹✅ Answer: D ⸻ 🔹Q35. Humoral anti-tumor response includes all EXCEPT: 🔹A) Complement fixation 🔹B) Opsonization 🔹C) ADCC 🔹D) Hit-and-run killing by Tc cells 🔹✅ Answer: D ⸻ 🔹Q36. A tumor lowers MHC I expression mainly to escape: 🔹A) CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells 🔹B) B cells 🔹C) Plasma cells 🔹D) Eosinophils 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q37. Complete loss of MHC I expression can trigger: 🔹A) NK-cell activation 🔹B) BCL-2 overexpression 🔹C) AFP release 🔹D) CEA release 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q38. Tumor cells avoid T-cell activation by losing co-stimulatory molecules such as: 🔹A) CD80/CD86 🔹B) AFP/CEA 🔹C) BCL-2/p53 🔹D) Perforin/granzyme 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q39. FasL expression on tumor cells helps tumors escape by: 🔹A) Activating macrophages 🔹B) Inducing apoptosis of T lymphocytes 🔹C) Increasing MHC I expression 🔹D) Producing AFP 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q40. PD-L1 expression on tumor cells causes: 🔹A) T-cell suppression through PD-1 interaction 🔹B) Macrophage activation through Fc receptor 🔹C) Complement fixation 🔹D) Increased tumor antigen presentation 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q41. Continuous antigen shedding by tumor cells may lead to: 🔹A) Local and systemic tolerance 🔹B) Increased CD8 activation 🔹C) Direct tumor necrosis 🔹D) Increased B7 expression 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q42. PGE₂ secreted by tumors causes: 🔹A) Immune response downregulation 🔹B) Increased Tc killing 🔹C) Increased B7 co-stimulation 🔹D) Increased apoptosis of tumor cells 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q43. Immunotoxins are best described as: 🔹A) Tumor markers in serum 🔹B) Tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies conjugated to tumoricidal substances 🔹C) Cytokines that activate NK cells 🔹D) Cancer vaccines made of killed tumor cells 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q44. “Magic bullet” refers to: 🔹A) Immunotoxin

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🔹👑 Q18 🔹Tumor markers are primarily used for: 🔹A) Screening healthy individuals 🔹B) Confirming diagnosis and monitoring response to therapy 🔹C) Direct tumor killing 🔹D) Activating T cells 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Or: 🔹👑 Q19 🔹Tumor products used as tumor markers may be found in: 🔹A) Serum only 🔹B) Urine only 🔹C) Serum and urine 🔹D) Saliva only 🔹✅ Answer: C

🔹The checkpoint inhibitor drugs are: 🔹Nivolumab → blocks PD-1 🔹Ipilimumab → blocks CTLA-4 انتبهوووووا مو PDL PD بس ❌❌❌❌