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▪️Chemistry Important One Liner ▪️ 🔹 The industrial production of aluminum from bauxite is by industrial process - electrical decomposition 🔹 Hydrogen is made up of acids, hydrogen and elements - chlorine. 🔹 The commercial utility of ethylene and styrene is due to their potential – polymerization 🔹 The compound that does not form a clean solution with water is benzoic acid. 🔹 Pure alcohol from Sura can be obtained from this process- Distillation 🔹 The highest amount of substance found in ocean water is- ordinary salt 🔹 The gas produced by the fermentation of a sugar solution is- carbon dioxide. 🔹 The pH of an aqueous solution of acetic acid is 2 What will be added to it will increase its pH value- Aqueous ammonia 🔹 Natural substance, which is made up of only one element and from which energy can be obtained – coal 🔹 Water is often not used to extinguish petrol fires because- water and petrol are inseparable. Petrol forms a layer on the surface of water 🔹 Industrial is a group of substances made by electrical decomposition - caustic soda, chlorine, aluminum 🔹 The gas that pollutes the environment is- sulfur dioxide. 🔹 The most important compounds for plant growth are made of- Nitrogen 🔹 How the compound made by heating caustic soda solution with flaxseed oil is used- soap 🔹 Sulfur dioxide and oxygen are two gases used in the industrial production of sulfuric acid 🔹 Steel contains- 0.1–2 percent carbon 🔹 The component of air used in the respiratory process is- oxygen. 🔹 The main role of salts in food is- to make a small amount of hydrochloric acid which helps in digestion of food. 🔹 The most commonly used metal by humans is iron. 🔹 The main component of cow dung gas is – Methane 🔹 The best fertilizer for plants is- compost 🔹 The pH of aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid can be approximately – 2 🔹 The highest element found in rocks and minerals is- silicon. 🔹 The gas used to extinguish the fire is carbon dioxide. 🔹 The aqueous solution of which gas has a strong acidic property - sulfur dioxide

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🛑Which one of the following was earliest state in Ethiopia and the Horn?

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☰☰✅2016 Entrance Exam☰☰ ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅༻❁༺┅┅┅┅┅┅┅ 🫴Economics Focus Areas from Grade 12 ＊┈┈┈┈＊┈┈┈┈＊┈┈┈┈ 𝕌𝕟𝕚𝕥 ➊ ✄┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ 𝟏𝟑 𝑸𝒖𝒆 𝕌𝕟𝕚𝕥 ➋ ✄┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ 𝟏𝟏 𝑸𝒖𝒆 𝕌𝕟𝕚𝕥 ➌ ✄┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ 𝟖 𝑸𝒖𝒆 𝕌𝕟𝕚𝕥 ➍ ✄┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ 𝟏𝟎 𝑸𝒖𝒆 𝕌𝕟𝕚𝕥 ➎ ✄┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ 𝟏𝟏 𝑸𝒖𝒆 𝕌𝕟𝕚𝕥 ➏ ✄┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ 𝟗 𝑸𝒖𝒆 𝕌𝕟𝕚𝕥 ➐ ✄┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ 𝟏𝟏 𝑸𝒖𝒆 𝕌𝕟𝕚𝕥 ➑ ✄┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ 𝟕 𝑸𝒖𝒆 ╔══════════╗ https://t.me/ess_study_tips➢ ╚══════════╝

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Important terms in Biology for G_12 ➖ DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic information. ➖ #RNA: Ribonucleic acid, a molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis. ➖ Protein: A macromolecule made up of amino acids that carries out a variety of functions in the cell. ➖ Enzyme: A type of protein that catalyzes chemical reactions in the cell. ➖ Cell membrane: The thin, flexible layer that surrounds all cells and regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell. ➖ Mitosis: The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. ➖ #Meiosis: The process by which cells divide to produce gametes (sperm and eggs), each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. ➖ #Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait. ➖ #Allele: One of two or more alternative forms of a gene. ➖ #Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can result in altered gene function or the creation of new alleles. ➖ #Natural selection: The process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the evolution of populations over time. ➖ #Adaptation: A trait or characteristic that increases an organism's fitness in its environment. ➖ #Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants convert sunlight into energy in the form of organic compounds. ➖ #Cellular respiration: The process by which cells convert organic compounds into energy in the form of ATP. ➖ #Ecosystem: A community of living and non-living things that interact with each other and their environment. ➖ #Homeostasis: The ability of organisms to maintain a stable internal environment in the face of changing external conditions. ➖ #Evolution: The process by which species change over time as a result of genetic variation and natural selection. ➖ #Ecology: The study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment. ➖ #Biotechnology: The use of living organisms or their products to develop new products or processes. ➖ #Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. ➖ #Chromosome: A structure made of DNA and protein that carries genetic information. ➖ #Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance inside a cell that contains organelles and other cell components. ➖ #Organelle: A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function. ➖ #Nucleus: The control center of a cell that contains the cell's DNA. ➖ #Ribosome: The site of protein synthesis in a cell. ➖ #Mitochondria: The organelles responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration. ➖ #Chloroplast: The organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis. ➖ #Cytoskeleton: The network of protein filaments that give a cell its shape and allow for movement. ➖ #Endoplasmic reticulum: A network of membranes in the cytoplasm that is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. ➖ #Golgi apparatus: An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or transport. ➖ #Lysosome: An organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down and recycling cellular waste. ➖ #Vacuole: A membrane-bound organelle that stores materials such as water, nutrients, and waste products. ➖ #ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that carries energy within cells. ➖ #Aerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the presence of oxygen. ➖ #Anaerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. 🗝🗝🗝🗝🗝🗝🗝🗝🗝🗝🗝

▎Business Cycle Overview The business cycle refers to the fluctuations in economic activity that an economy experiences over time. These cycles are characterized by periods of expansion and contraction in economic activity, which can be measured by indicators such as GDP, employment rates, and industrial production. ▎Phases of the Business Cycle 1. Expansion:    • During this phase, the economy experiences growth. Key indicators include rising GDP, increasing employment, higher consumer spending, and increased industrial production. Businesses invest in new projects, and consumer confidence typically rises. 2. Peak:    • The peak is the point at which the economy reaches its highest level of activity before a downturn begins. At this stage, economic indicators are at their maximum, and inflationary pressures may start to build due to increased demand. 3. Contraction (Recession):    • This phase is marked by a decline in economic activity. GDP decreases, unemployment rises, and consumer spending falls. A recession is typically defined as two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth. Businesses may cut back on investment and hiring during this phase. 4. Trough:    • The trough represents the lowest point of the business cycle, where economic activity is at its minimum. Unemployment is high, and consumer confidence is low. This phase precedes the next expansion phase. ▎Characteristics of Each Phase • Expansion:   • Rising GDP   • Decreasing unemployment   • Increased consumer and business spending   • Higher inflation rates • Peak:   • Maximum output   • High consumer confidence   • Potential for inflation to rise • Contraction:   • Declining GDP   • Rising unemployment   • Decreased consumer spending   • Business investment slows • Trough:   • Lowest point of economic activity   • High unemployment   • Low consumer confidence   • Potential for recovery to begin

✅The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment in an economy. It is typically calculated using the following formula: ▎Unemployment Rate Formula Unemployment Rate = (( Number of Unemployed / Labor Forc} )) × 100 ▎Where: • Number of Unemployed: This refers to individuals who are actively seeking employment but are unable to find work. • Labor Force: This is the sum of the number of employed and unemployed individuals in the economy. It includes all individuals who are of working age and are either working or actively looking for work. ▎Expanded Formula If you want to express it more explicitly, you can break it down as follows: Labor Force = Number of Employed + Number of Unemployed Thus, the unemployment rate can also be expressed as: Unemployment Rate = (( Number of Unemployed / Number of Employe + Number of Unemployed} )) × 100 ▎Example Calculation Suppose: • Number of Unemployed = 1,000 • Number of Employed = 9,000 Then, the Labor Force would be: Labor Force = 9,000 + 1,000 = 10,000 Now, plug these values into the unemployment rate formula: Unemployment Rate = (( 1,000 / 10,000 )) × 100 = 10% This means that the unemployment rate is 10%.