NEET/JEE STUDY NOTES™

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Ncert Table 1.1 Organisms with their taxonomic categories 🅂🄷🄰🅁🄴 🅆🄸🅃🄷 🅈🄾🅄🅁 🄵🅁🄸🄴🄽🄳🅂 ❤️ ➥ @StudyNotesbyTriGO

Biological classification best short notes 🅂🄷🄰🅁🄴 🅆🄸🅃🄷 🅈🄾🅄🅁 🄵🅁🄸🄴🄽🄳🅂 ❤️ ➥ @StudyNotesbyTriGO

MOLE CONCEPT 🤩❗️ Saare concept clear hai *Bonus : Question also included 🤭⚡️ ᗪᖇOᑭ ᖇEᗩᑕTIOᑎ ᖴOᖇ ᗰOᖇE ❤️ ➥ @StudyNotesbyTriGO

𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗟 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗬 𝗖𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗦𝗛𝗢𝗥𝗧 𝗡𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦 🅂🄷🄰🅁🄴 🅆🄸🅃🄷 🅈🄾🅄🅁 🄵🅁🄸🄴🄽🄳🅂 ❤️ ➥ @StudyNotesbyTriGO

Transportation in Humans ➖The blood is responsible to transport food, oxygen, and waste materials in human bodies. ➖Blood usually consists of a fluid medium known as plasma where the cells remain suspended. ➖Plasma is responsible to transport food, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form. ➖However, oxygen is carried by the red blood cells. ➖Many other substances such as salts, are also transported by the blood. A Human Heart ➖The heart is one of the most significant muscular organs of a human body. ➖As both the oxygen and the carbon dioxide get transported by the blood; so, to avoid the oxygen-rich blood from mixing with the blood containing carbon dioxide, the heart has different chambers. ➖Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes to the thin-walled upper chamber of the heart on the left, i.e. the left atrium (see the image given above). ➖When it is collecting the blood, the left atrium relaxes; however, while the next chamber, i.e. the left ventricle expands, then it (left atrium) contracts, so that the blood is transferred to it. ➖Further, when the muscular left ventricle contracts (in its turn), the blood is pumped out to the body. Likewise, de-oxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper chamber on the right, the right atrium (as it expands). ➖When the right atrium contracts, the corresponding lower chamber, the right ventricle, dilates and this act transfers blood to the right ventricle, which in turn pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. ➖The ventricles have thicker muscular walls (than the atria do), as ventricles have to pump blood into various organs. ➖There are valves that ensure that the blood does not flow backwards when the atria or ventricles contract. ➖The separation of the right side and the left side of the heart is beneficial, as it avoids oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. ➖The animals, which do not use energy to maintain their body temperature, their body temperature depends on the temperature in the environment. ➖Such animals (e.g. amphibians or many reptiles), have three-chambered hearts, and bear some mixing of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood streams. ➖Fishes, on the other hand, have only two chambers to their hearts; however, the blood is pumped to the gills and get oxygenated there, and then passes directly to the rest of the body. Blood Pressure ➖The force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel is known as blood pressure. ➖The blood pressure is much greater in arteries than in veins. ➖During the ventricular systole (i.e. contraction), the pressure of blood inside the artery, is known as systolic pressure. ➖On the other hand, the pressure in artery during ventricular diastole (relaxation), is known as diastolic pressure. ➖The normal measurement of systolic pressure is about 120 mm of Hg and diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg. Increase of this pressure is known as high blood pressure or hypertension. ➖The instrument that measures the blood pressure is known as sphygmomanometer. Lymph ➖Some amount of plasma, proteins, and blood cells escape (through the pores present in the walls of capillaries), into intercellular spaces in the tissues and form the tissue fluid known as lymph. ➖Though lymph is similar to the plasma of blood, but it is colorless and contains less protein. ➖An important function of lymph is to carry digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood. 🅢🅗🅐🅡🅔 🅦🅘🅣🅗 🅨🅞🅤🅡 🅕🅡🅘🅔🅝🅓🅢 𝗙𝗼𝗿 𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝘂𝘀👇👇👇 @StudyNotesbyTriGO

✅ Hormones and their Functions 1. Growth hormone (GH) Or somatotropic hormone (STH) Function ~ stimulates growth by stimulating protein synthesis. 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Function ~ stimulates thyroid secretion. 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Function ~ stimulates the production of of steroids by adrenal cortex. 4. Gonadotropic hormones (i) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Function ~ stimulates gamate, production, secration of sex hormones, development of follicles. (ii) interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) or luteinising  hormone (LH) Function ~ stimulates the leydig cells of testis and induces secretion of testosterone. stimulates development of Corpus luteum and ovulation in female. 5. Luteotropic hormone (LTH) or prolactin Function ~ stimulates the growth of mammary glands, lactation and maintenance of Corpus luteum. 6. Melanocyte stimulating hormone Function ~ controls dispersal of melanophores , in man it is doubtful. 7. Oxytocin Function ~ stimulates secretion of milk from mammary glands ; causes contraction of uterus at the time of child birth. 8. Antidiuretic hormone or ADH (vasopressin) Function ~ stimulates the nephrons for reabsorption of water. Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles, blood vessels and causes rise in blood pressure. 9. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) Function ~ control metabolism , regulate body temperature by calorigenic action. 10. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) Function ~ controls calcium (Ca++) level in blood, Check osteoporosis. 11. Parathormone Function ~ maintains proper level of calcium and phosphorus by regulating renal action , thus , controlling calcium and phosphate amount in bones. 12. Insulin (from β cells) Function ~ stimulates metabolism of carbohydrates. Influences the storage and utilization of sugar , inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis stimulates glycogenesis. 13. Glucagon (from α cell) Function ~ influences the enzymatic action of phosphorylase , controlling glycogenolysis in tha liver and muscles ; increases the amount of sugar in blood. Antagonistic to insulin, inhibits glycogenesis. 14. Somatostatin(ss) Function ~ suppresses the release of hormones from the pancrease and digestive track. 15. Pancreatic polypeptide Function ~ inhibits the release of digestive secretion of the pancrease. 16. Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) Function ~ Regulates heart beat , blood pressure , sympathetic nervous system , contraction of involuntary muscles of lung , eyes , gut etc. , Production of blood , flow of saliva and sweat under emotional state. 17. Adrenocorticoids Function ~ regulate water and electrolyte balance, regulate fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism; stimulate development of male and female secondary sexual characters. 18. Testosterone (leydig's cells) Function ~ affects the normal development and functions of secondary sexual organs and characters in male. ~ stimulate formation of sperms. 19. Estrogen (graafian follicles) Function ~ Affects development and maintenance of secondary sexual characters in female. ~ stimulate maturation of ova. 20. Progesterone (Ovary and Corpus luteum ) Function ~ stimulates uterus for pregnancy, implantation and formation of placenta, also stimulates mammary glands. 21. Relaxin ( Corpus luteum ) Function ~ relaxes ligaments of pelvic girdle at the time of birth. 22. Human chorionic gonadotropin or  HCG (placenta) Function ~ pravints disintegration of the Corpus luteum and maintains progesterone  production. 23. Serotonin Function ~ Helps in vasoconstriction of blood vessels. 24. Melatonin Function ~ Reduces quantity of FSH and LH, Acts as anti gonadotropic hormone. 25. Thymosin Function ~ regulates growth, stimulates proliferation of lymphocytes and also hastens sexual maturity. 𝘍𝘰𝘳 𝘮𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘴 𝘑𝘰𝘪𝘯 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘶𝘴 ❤️ @StudyNotesbyTriGO @StudyNotesbyTriGO Ⓢⓗⓐⓡⓔ ⓦⓘⓣⓗ ⓨⓞⓤⓡ ⓕⓡⓘⓔⓝⓓⓢ

ʙʟᴏᴏᴅ🩸💉 ғʟᴏᴡ ɪɴ ʜᴇᴀʀᴛ 💞 Beginning with the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus, the flowchart below summarizes the flow of blood through the heart, including all arteries, veins, and valves that are passed along the way. ❣️

𝗗𝗲𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗸𝘂𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗻𝘆𝗮 (𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐧𝐞𝐰 𝐒𝐲𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐮𝐬) 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬.... Ⓢⓗⓐⓡⓔ ⓦⓘⓣⓗ ⓨⓞⓤⓡ ⓕⓡⓘⓔⓝⓓⓢ 𝘍𝘰𝘳 𝘮𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘴 𝘫𝘰𝘪𝘯 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘶𝘴👇👇 @StudyNotesbyTriGO @StudyNotesbyTriGO

𝗝𝗘𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬 𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗟𝗦 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟱 t.me/JEE_STUDY_MATERIALS_2025 t.me/JEE_STUDY_MATERIALS_2025

Tricks for biology 🅂🄷🄰🅁🄴 🅆🄸🅃🄷 🅈🄾🅄🅁 🄵🅁🄸🄴🄽🄳🅂 👻😇🥰😘💩✍️🍡🎈 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐓🌟        🌟🔠🔠🔠🔠 ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ @StudyNotesbyTriGO ⭐ @StudyNotesbyTriGO ⭐ ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖

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✅ Structure of Fungi ➖ Almost all the fungi have a filamentous structure except the yeast cells. ➖ They can be either single-celled or multicellular organisms. ➖ Fungi consist of long thread-like structures known as hyphae. These hyphae together form a mesh-like structure called mycelium. ➖ Fungi possess a cell wall which is made up of chitin and polysaccharides. ➖ The cell wall comprises a protoplast, which is differentiated into other cell parts such as cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell organelles and nuclei. ➖ The nucleus is dense, clear, with chromatin threads. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.