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طلاب العلم لا يركدون🌱 نحن مسؤولين عن سعي مش نتيجة💪🏻 زكاة العلم نشره - هذه قناة صدقة جارية
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🔖All organisms consist of one or more cells
🔖A cell is the biggest unit with the properties of life.
🔖Each cell passes hereditary material to its offspring
🔖Each cell has a plasma membrane, a boundary between its interior and the outsideenvironment.
تجاوبي في التعليقات
Summary of Cell Structure and Function
📍📍"لايغني عن الشابتر"
1. Definition of Cell and Cell Theory:
Cell Definition: The smallest unit capable of life, consisting of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA.
Cell Theory:
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
New cells are produced from existing cells.
Cells carry genetic material to the next generation.
2. Types of Cells:
Prokaryotic Cells:
Found in Bacteria and Archaea.
Lack a nucleus; DNA is in the nucleoid.
Structures include plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, capsule, cell wall, flagella, and pili.
Eukaryotic Cells:
Found in protists, fungi, animals, and plants.
Have a nucleus containing DNA.
Contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.
3. Prokaryotic Cell Structures:
Capsule: Protective outer layer aiding in adherence.
Cell Wall: Provides structural
support; varies between bacteria and archaea.
Plasma Membrane: Encloses the cell, involved in transport and metabolic processes.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
DNA: Typically a single circular chromosome in the nucleoid.
4. Eukaryotic Cell Structures:
Plasma Membrane: Selective barrier composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins.
Nucleus: Contains DNA; surrounded by the nuclear envelope with pores; includes nucleolus and chromatin.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, found free in the cytosol or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
5. Endomembrane System:
Components: Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane.
Functions: Synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids, detoxification, and storage.
6. Energy and Storage Organelles:
Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, site of ATP production through cellular respiration.
Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis in plants and algae, converting sunlight into ATP.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion.
Vacuoles: Storage structures; include food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, and central vacuoles in plants.
7. Cytoskeleton:
Components: Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Functions: Provides structural support, facilitates cell motility, and assists in intracellular transport.
8. Extracellular Components and Cell Junctions:
Extracellular Structures:
Plant cell walls provide structure and protection.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells offers structural support.
Cell Junctions:
Tight junctions seal cells together.
Desmosomes anchor cells and provide mechanical strength.
Gap junctions allow communication between animal cells.
Plasmodesmata are channels between plant cells for communication and transport.
صباح الخير 🙊
في شيء جالسة اجهزه عشان شابتر لاحياء الذي يتكلم عن الخلايا 🌟.
تريدون قنوات تشرح فكرة هذه شابتر؟
Note:
There are two meanings of gene expression
1/is the process of converting information from gene to a cellular product
2/DNA controls protein synthesis through RNA
