basic nursing knowledge

✅ Hormones and their Functions 1. Growth hormone (GH) Or somatotropic hormone (STH) Function ~ stimulates growth by stimulating protein synthesis. 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Function ~ stimulates thyroid secretion. 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Function ~ stimulates the production of of steroids by adrenal cortex. 4. Gonadotropic hormones (i) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Function ~ stimulates gamate, production, secration of sex hormones, development of follicles. (ii) interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) or luteinising  hormone (LH) Function ~ stimulates the leydig cells of testis and induces secretion of testosterone. stimulates development of Corpus luteum and ovulation in female. 5. Luteotropic hormone (LTH) or prolactin Function ~ stimulates the growth of mammary glands, lactation and maintenance of Corpus luteum. 6. Melanocyte stimulating hormone Function ~ controls dispersal of melanophores , in man it is doubtful. 7. Oxytocin Function ~ stimulates secretion of milk from mammary glands ; causes contraction of uterus at the time of child birth. 8. Antidiuretic hormone or ADH (vasopressin) Function ~ stimulates the nephrons for reabsorption of water. Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles, blood vessels and causes rise in blood pressure. 9. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) Function ~ control metabolism , regulate body temperature by calorigenic action. 10. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) Function ~ controls calcium (Ca++) level in blood, Check osteoporosis. 11. Parathormone Function ~ maintains proper level of calcium and phosphorus by regulating renal action , thus , controlling calcium and phosphate amount in bones. 12. Insulin (from β cells) Function ~ stimulates metabolism of carbohydrates. Influences the storage and utilization of sugar , inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis stimulates glycogenesis. 13. Glucagon (from α cell) Function ~ influences the enzymatic action of phosphorylase , controlling glycogenolysis in tha liver and muscles ; increases the amount of sugar in blood. Antagonistic to insulin, inhibits glycogenesis. 14. Somatostatin(ss) Function ~ suppresses the release of hormones from the pancrease and digestive track. 15. Pancreatic polypeptide Function ~ inhibits the release of digestive secretion of the pancrease. 16. Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) Function ~ Regulates heart beat , blood pressure , sympathetic nervous system , contraction of involuntary muscles of lung , eyes , gut etc. , Production of blood , flow of saliva and sweat under emotional state. 17. Adrenocorticoids Function ~ regulate water and electrolyte balance, regulate fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism; stimulate development of male and female secondary sexual characters. 18. Testosterone (leydig's cells) Function ~ affects the normal development and functions of secondary sexual organs and characters in male. ~ stimulate formation of sperms. 19. Estrogen (graafian follicles) Function ~ Affects development and maintenance of secondary sexual characters in female. ~ stimulate maturation of ova. 20. Progesterone (Ovary and Corpus luteum ) Function ~ stimulates uterus for pregnancy, implantation and formation of placenta, also stimulates mammary glands. 21. Relaxin ( Corpus luteum ) Function ~ relaxes ligaments of pelvic girdle at the time of birth. 22. Human chorionic gonadotropin or  HCG (placenta) Function ~ pravints disintegration of the Corpus luteum and maintains progesterone  production. 23. Serotonin Function ~ Helps in vasoconstriction of blood vessels. 24. Melatonin Function ~ Reduces quantity of FSH and LH, Acts as anti gonadotropic hormone. 25. Thymosin Function ~ regulates growth, stimulates proliferation of lymphocytes and also hastens sexual maturity.

🤷🤷Reaching the Age of Adolescence 🤷Introduction 🔻The phase of life, when the body undergoes radical changes, leading to reproductive maturity, is known as adolescence. 🔻Adolescence normally begins around the age of 11 and lasts up to 18 or 19 years of the age. However, the phase of adolescence varies from person to person. 🔻Starting from thirteen (13) to nineteen (19), ‘teen’ is suffix and common in every number; therefore, adolescents are also known as ‘teenagers.’ 🔻In girls, adolescence phase may begin one year or two years earlier than the boys. 🔻During the adolescence phase, the human body undergoes several changes, which are marked as the onset of puberty. 🔻The most important change, which marks puberty, is that the boys and the girls become capable of reproduction. 🔻Puberty, however, ends when an adolescent phase attains reproductive maturity. 🤷🤷Changes at Puberty 🔻The most conspicuous change during the puberty is the swift increase in height. 🔻In the beginning, girls grow faster than boys, but by reaching 18 years of the age, both attain their maximum height. 🔻The rate of body growth (in terms of height) varies from person to person. 🔻The changes occurring in adolescent boys and girls are also much different. 🔻At puberty, especially the boys’ voice boxes or the larynxes begin to grow and develop larger voice boxes. 🔻The growing larynxes in boys can be seen as a protruding part of the throat; it is known as Adam’s apple. 🔻In girls, the larynx is small; hence, it is not visible from the outside. 🔻Adolescence is also the phase of change in a person’s way of thinking. 🔻Hormones, which are the chemical substances, are responsible for the changes in adolescence. 🔻The testes (in boys), at the onset of puberty, release testosterone hormone. 🔻Once puberty is reached in girls, ovaries begin to produce the hormone namely estrogen; it is responsible to the breasts develop. 🔻Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream. 🔻In the body, there are many endocrine glands or ductless glands. 🔻The sex hormones are under the control of hormones released by the pituitary gland. 🤷🤷Reproductive Phase of Life in Humans 🔻At puberty, the released egg (in women), and the thickened lining of the uterus along with its blood vessels get shed off in the form of bleeding known as menstruation. 🔻The first menstrual flow begins at puberty and is known as menarche. 🔻Menstruation occurs once in about 28 to 30 days. 🔻By the age of 45 to 50 years, the menstrual cycle stops, which is known as menopause. 🔻The thread-like structures in the fertilized egg are known as chromosomes. 🔻All human beings have 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes in the nuclei of their cells. 🔻In boys, out of 23 pairs of chromosomes, two chromosomes named X and Y are the sex chromosomes. 🔻In girls, out of 23 pairs of chromosomes, two chromosomes named X and X are the sex chromosomes. 🔻When a sperm carrying X chromosome fertilizes with the egg, the zygote would have two X chromosomes that develop into a female child. 🔻When a sperm carrying Y chromosome fertilizes with the egg, the zygote would have two chromosomes i.e. X and Y and such zygote develops into a male child

1. Skull - protects the brain and supports the structure of the face 2. Vertebrae - supports the spinal cord and allows for movement of the spine 3. Ribs - protect the organs in the chest cavity and assist with breathing 4. Sternum - protects the heart and lungs 5. Hyoid bone - supports the tongue and allows for swallowing and speech 6. Sacrum - supports the spine and connects to the pelvis 7. Coccyx - supports the base of the spine and provides attachment for muscles 8. Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) - transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear 9. Mandible - supports the lower teeth and allows for chewing and speaking 10. Maxilla - supports the upper teeth and forms the upper jaw 11. Zygomatic bones - support the cheeks and form part of the eye socket 12. Nasal bones - support the bridge of the nose and form part of the nasal cavity 13. Lacrimal bones - support the tear ducts and form part of the eye socket

1. Clavicle - supports the shoulder and allows for movement of the arms 2. Scapula - provides attachment for muscles and supports the shoulder joint 3. Humerus - supports the upper arm and allows for movement of the elbow and shoulder 4. Radius - supports the forearm and allows for rotation of the wrist and hand 5. Ulna - supports the forearm and allows for movement of the elbow and wrist 6. Carpals - support the wrist and allow for movement of the hand 7. Metacarpals - support the palm of the hand and allow for movement of the fingers 8. Phalanges - support the fingers and allow for grasping and manipulation 9. Pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis) - supports the trunk and provides attachment for muscles 10. Femur - supports the thigh and allows for movement of the hip and knee 11. Patella - protects the knee joint and allows for extension of the leg 12. Tibia - supports the shin and allows for movement of the ankle and knee 13. Fibula - supports the lower leg and provides attachment for muscles 14. Tarsals - support the ankle and allow for movement of the foot 15. Metatarsals - support the arch of the foot and allow for movement of the toes 16. Phalanges - support the toes and allow for balance and propulsion during walking or running

Why People with Diabetes Are at Higher Risk for Pneumonia Individuals with diabetes mellitus are more susceptible to pneumonia due to several factors that impair their immune system and overall health: * Weakened Immune System: High blood sugar levels can interfere with the body's ability to fight off infections, including pneumonia. Diabetes can also damage nerves and blood vessels, making it harder for the immune system to function effectively. * Increased Risk of Other Infections: Diabetes can lead to other infections, such as urinary tract infections or skin infections, which can increase the risk of pneumonia. * Heart and Lung Problems: Diabetes can increase the risk of heart and lung problems, such as heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which can make it more difficult to fight off infections. * Poor Circulation: Diabetes can cause poor blood flow, which can make it harder for the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and other organs. * Nerve Damage: Diabetes can damage nerves, including those that control breathing and swallowing. This can increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia, which occurs when food or liquid enters the lungs. These factors combined make individuals with diabetes more vulnerable to pneumonia and its complications. It's important for people with diabetes to take steps to manage their condition, including maintaining good blood sugar control, getting regular vaccinations, and practicing good hygiene.

The process of digestion After the oral cavity, food enters the esophagus, then into the stomach, small and large intestines. On average, this process takes 20 hours. If there is not enough fiber in a person's diet, then this time can significantly increase.

Circadian rhythm All living things carry a biological rhythm. The human rhythm is called the circadian one. It optimizes the processes occurring in the body, such as the hormonal and nervous system functioning, as well as metabolism. The main milestones of the 24-hour circadian rhythm can be identified: 📍 5:00 - 7:00 - cortisol levels rise for awakening 📍 9:00 - peak levels of sex hormones, such as testosterone 📍10:00 - 11:00 - max vigilance and attention 📍14:00 - 15:00 - max clear movement coordination 📍16:00 - 17:00 - max muscular strength and power 📍18:00 - 19:00 - highest blood pressure and body temperature 📍 22:00 - 23:00 - body's melatonin production starts to increase 📍 23:00 - 2:00 - maximum secretion of growth hormone 📍 1:00 - 2:00 - deepest stage of sleep 📍4:00 - lowest body temperature 📍3:00 - 6:00 - fastest sleep However, every body is unique biologically and the cycle can shift. Take heed of yourself, and this pattern will help you.

52. The major post transfusion viral hepatitis is — Hepatitis C 53. The serious complication of portal hypertension — Chronic bleeding ,abdominal swelling and liver failure 54. The nurse administers neomycin to a patient with hepatic cirrhosis to prevent the formation of — Ammonia 55. Psoriasis is an inflammatory disorder of — Skin 56. The classic sign of hepatic coma is — Flapping hand tremors 57. An injury the nurse should assess for fat embolism with in — 1st 24 hours 58. A nursing intervention in thrombophlebitis would be contraindicated — Massage the leg 59. Platelet count decrease in — Dengue 60. Addison’s disease is caused by infsufficiency of hormone — Corticosteroid Hormone 61. Eye padding is applied on unconscious patient to prevent — Corneal Ulcer 62. Lumbar Puncture (LP) is done at the site of — L3 – L4 63. During hemodialysis, which of the following drug is used to prevent blood clotting — Heparin 64. Rise water stool” is a typical finding in cases of — Cholera 65. Mask like facies’ is a typical feature of — Parkinson Disease 66. “Tetany” can be produced by which or the following electrolyte disturbance — Hypocalcemia 67. Paralysis of one side of the body is known as — Hemiplegia 68. The earliest sign of the post operative shock is monitored by nurse by observing the — Pulse Rate 69. Assessment of a unconscious patient is done by — Glasgow Coma Sclae 70. Commonest cause of liver cirrhosis is — Alcohol 71. Concenteation of xylocaine which is used for spinal anaesthesia is — 5% 72. In head injury, mannitol is given to— decrease — ICP 73. Main complication of appendicitis is — Perforation 74. The instrument used for measuring blood pressure is know as — Sphygmomanometer 75. Paralysis of both lower limps is called— Paraplegia 76. The benign tumor of blood vessel is called — Hemangioma 77. A mysthenia gravis patient’s early symptom is — Ptosis 78. Rapid infusion of insulin cause — Hypokalemia 79. The most common cause of coronary artery disease — Artheriosclerosis 80. Inability to speak or understand the spoken words in called is — Agnosia 81. complication of splenectomy —Pancreatitis 82. Fever, headache and nuchal rigidity are classic symproms seen in — Meningitis 83. Fractures of the distal radius is called — Colles, Fracture 84. Removal of appendix is called —Appendicectomy. 85. Inflammation of tonsils is called —Tonsilitis. 86. Dumping syndrome is a complication of — Subtotal Gastrectomy 87. The normal value of PaCO2 is — 35-45 mmHg. 88. Site of transmission of message from one neurone to another is called —Synapse. 89. Acute pancreatitis is manifested by elevated — Serum Amylase 90. Intraocular pressure is measured with a instrument called — Tonometer 91. The shock which is resulting from a severe allergic reaction is — Anaphylactic Shock 92. Part of the stomach is removed and the remaining portion is anastomosed to the duodenum —Gastroduodenostomy 93. Amount of amniotic fluid of more than 2000 ml is termed as — ‘Polyhydramnios’ 94. The powerhouse of the cell —Mitahondeia. 95. The inflammatory process of CNS producing altered function of various portions of the brain is —Encephalitis. 96. A typical sign of hydrocephalus —Sunsetting. 97. Paralysis which causes the arm to lie on the side with the extension of the elbow, and flexion of the wrist (waiter’s tip) is —Erb’s Palsy. 98. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) 3.6 g, Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 2.5 g, potassium chloride (KCl) 1.5 g, glucose 20 g, water 100 ml — Components of ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution). 99. Trisomy 21 is known as — Down’s syndrome. 100. The most complicated type of spinal bifida is — Meningomyelocele

1. The ideal temperature and pressure used for autoclaving —121 Celsius at 15 PSI 2. A system model that focuses on the responses of the client system to actual or potential environmental — Betty Neumann 3. nurse-patient relationship concepts like orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution — Hildegard Paplau 4. Arterial blood gas result with pH 7.3 and PCO2 is 46mm Hg denotes — Respiratory acidosis 5. The hormone ADH works in which area of the kidney — Distal Convoluted and Collecting duct 6. Post-ovulation is also known as — The luteal phase 7. The white area of the nail is called the lunula 8. The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system are part of —ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) 9. Child sits with the support at the age of — 4 to 6 months 10. A couple and their dependent children living together under the same roof is called a nuclear Family 11. Systematic study of human society — Sociology 12. Mouth care to unconscious patient should be given when a patient is in — side-lying position 13. An agent that inhibits the growth of microorganisms is — Disinfectant 14. Angle of insertion of the needle for subcutaneous injection should be — 45 degree 15. A substance used to counteract the effect of poison is — Antidote 16. The trained nurses’ association was established in — 1908 17. Ideal teaching method for exploring the issues involved in social situation or challenges in human relation — Role Play 18. The immunoglobilin responsible for primary immunity — IgM 19. The largest organella of the cell is — Nucleus 20. The main product of protein metabolism is — Urea 21. The concentration of oxygen in expired air is about — 16% 22. the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid — Na+ 23. Total number of intercostal muscles are — 11 Pairs 24. Total number of muscles in human bady are — 639 25. Total number of vertebarae in human are — 33 26. Eating behavior is controlled by — Hypothalamus 27. The number of thoracic vertebae in human being is — 12 28. Transformation of one type of cell into another type is called — Metaplasia 29. Surgically creating an opening into an organ or space in the body by a sharp instrument is known as — Incision 30. Plaster of paris is made up of — Calcium Sulphate 31. The most frequently occuring type of brain tumor is — Glioma 32. Main clinical symtom of hiatal hernia is — Heartburn 33. Most common complication of chronic asthma is — Emphysema 34. Examination of a Pt. with the help of stethoscope is termed as — Auscultation 35. Oral thrush is a — Fungal Disease 36. In a patient with a fracture of a long bone, which is the most serious complication — Fat Embolism 37. Absence of identifiable QRS complex in ECG gives an indication of — Ventricular Fibrillation 38. Sharp stabbing pain occur when breathing is the clinical feature of — Pleurisy 39. most common site of liver abscess — Right lobe of liver 40. Dengue fever is also known as — Break Bone Fever 41. In AIDS patient, pneumonia occur due to — Pneumocystis 42. Most common causes of meningitis in age-group 2 years to 20 years — Neisseria meningococci 43. Commonest cause of blindness in India is — Cataract 44. complication associated with tracheotomy tube — Damage to the laryngeal neve 45. the normal respiration rate in a newborn is — 30-60 breath/minute 46. the cause of esophageal varices — Portal Hypertension 47. Repeated vomiting can produce the following biochemical abnormality — Metabolic Alkalosis 48. During blood transfusion, if hemolytic reaction occur, the first nursing action will be — To stop the transfusion 49. A serious and dangerous side effect of penicillin is — Anaphylaxis 50. The nurse should administer a nasogastric tube feeding slowly to reduce the hazard of — Regurgitation 51. The most serious complication associated with chronic inflammatory bowel diease is — Perforation

📚📚3rd semester RGUHS IMP Topic 👇👇👇 * Adult health nutsing 1 * chapter- introduction 👉 stages of wound healing and types of wound 👉 wound healing management ? 👉 Role of nurse surgical ward 👉 Roles and responsibilities of medical surgical nurse? 👉 internation classification of disease? 📚📚3 rd semester RGUHS IMP topic 📚📚 * Adult health nutsing 1 *chapter- intraoprative care 👉 responsibility of scrub nurse 👉 responsibilities of OT nurse 👉 infection control in OT 👉 duties of OT nurse 👉 classification Of OT, types of suture material 👉 responsibility circulatory nurse 👉 pre- post operative nursing management patient underlying surgery 👉 define perioprative nursing, complication ,design 👉 care plan of patient recovering from general anesthesia 👉 complication of general anesthesia and it's management. 📚📚3rd semester RGUHS IMP📚📚 * Adult health nursing 1 * chapter- common sign and symptoms 👉 Non pharmacological measures pain management 👉 management of fluid and electrolytes imbalance 👉 management of pain in post operative patient 👉 management of hypovolemic shock 👉 fluid electrolytes imbalance 👉 physiology of pain and factor affecting p * Adult health nursing 1 * chapter- respiratory problems principle of underwater seal drainage pulmonary embolism care of patient chest drainage define COPD ,clinical manifestation ,etiology, pathophysiology, management bronchial asthma nursing responsibilities during thoracentasis chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) long question 10 marks care of patient ventilation. 3rd semester RGUHS IMP * Adult health nursing * chapter - digestive system difference between gastric and duodenal ulcer nurses responsibility in colostomy care portal hypertension appendoctomy gastrostomy feeding diet in peptic ulcer intestinal obstruction (15 marks) peptic ulcer sign and symptoms and management cirrhosis of liver (15 marks) pancratitis appendicitis abdominal paracentesis care of patient appendoctomy constipation cholecystitis management of diarrhea acute gastritis hemorrhoids inflammatory bowel disease ( 15 mark)

1. IV Infiltration sign: cool ,swelling 2. hcg secreate by :Trophoblast 3. Body Temp > 41°C Cause : CNS Destruction. 4. Folic acid Start : in  first trimester. 5. Prevent fram External Rotation of Ankle :- LogRoll / Sandbag 6. Placental circulation start :- 21days 7. Rabis Infection:- pharyngeal Spasm day 8. Lugol's solution use:- in Hyperthyroidism 9. "4"A" sign of schizophrenia - Affect, ambivalance,Autism,loosening of Association 10. Rape victime :- post Traumatic stress 11. postpartum 100.2°f Temp:  check the Temp. 12. Klinfelter syndrome :- 47xxy 13. Breast feeding in Hyperbilirubinimia :- Continue Breast feeding 14. Does Not cross placenta :- Heparine 15. Activity in MI :- weight loss 16. Normal cvp :- 5-10 cm 17. Heparine Antidote:- protamine sulphate. 18. Thyroidectomy post op :- Immunosuppression 19. peritoneal dialysis:-  peritonitis. 20. warm cast specific area indicates :- Infection. 21. Albow pain during Range of motion :- Reduce Excercises. 22. NG Tube passes oropharynx:- Extend neck / sip of water. 23. Tocolytic drug Except. 24. plan for suspected urolithiasiss :- 3000ml water per day 25. primary prevention :-Genetic Councilling 26. in Delirium decrease stimuli :- arrange Room with Dim light. 24. During Enema Abdominal Cramp:- Hold enema 28. pt. with Laryngobronchitis:- Bedside Tracheostemy tube 29. cerebral Index Status :- Level of Consciousness. 30. How To Find field Remain Sterile -? 31. Check fistula in Hemodylisis: Thrill. feeling. 32. most common concern in placenta previa - Hemorrhage. 33. Thumb & Little finger close:- Adduction 34. Tissue Repair : - protein 35. Chemotherapy cisplastin:- Risk of Infection 36. old age mental problem :-poor problem solving. 37. Two Copy of same Allese: - Homozygous. 38. Apical pulse & Bracheal pulse difference:- pulse deficit 39. medication Documention:- Just after medication. 4o. Newborn Heat loss prevention :- Cover with Hot towel / Radient warmer 41. Auditary Stimuli : - Temporal area 42. Abnormal condition: Continue sound at illiocecal valve/ No bowel sound for 60sec 43. Cathator Tie in adult :- Inner thigh. 44. Fundal Examination After post partum:- advise To Urination. 45. Gloucoma leads to :- Blindness. 46. Statement true about alcoholic :- Alcoholic Can be abusive 47. Isoniazid Therapy :- provide pyridoxine. 48. Albumine provide for:- oncotic pressure. 49. RL Not given :- Lactoacidosis. 50. Braxton Lick's Contraction True:- occuring in whole pregnancy 51. K+ administered too quick : 10%. Dextrose + Insuline 52. Iliostomy procedure :- provide vit. B12. 53. Positive symptom of schizophrenia:- Hellucination. 54. Brow presention :- occipito mentum. 55. After TOF Correction :- post op prevent from Cry. 56. Hegar sign seen:- 8 week of pregnency 57. Renitidine: Decrease secretion of Gastric juice. 58. Deference Blw systolic and Diastolic B.P. :- pulse pressure. 59. Pulse feel alter Cardiac Cathaterization : Distal To Cathator site. 60. Tube feeding :- 1 Foot Above To Insertion site. 61. small bowel obstruction :-Abdominal Adhesion 62. Distended bladder sound: -? 63.Hemophilia :-Decrease clotting facter 8th 64. Epistexis in mysthenia gravis patient - Risk of aspiration 66. Emotion characterised by :-? 67. wound culture perform:- Remove crust then take swab. 68. Put Client at ease means:- Lighten. 69. PolyCythemia Nursing Diagnosis. Decrease Tissue perfusion 70. Alcohol Consuption after disuphiram:- Nausea & Hot flush. 71. Hot application : 1e Blood flow. 72. ↑se BP, increase Respiration :- Hypovolemic shock decrease Urine output (<30ml/hr) 73. WBC 9800 Cu/mm after Hysterectomy:- Normal 74. Asprine Toxicity :- Tinnitus. 75. sign & body Language :- Non verble Communication. 76. wrist Restrain Concern:- pallor of Nail bed. 77. Colon cancer plan for surgery administer Neomycine :- decrease growth of Normal flora.

MSN IMPORTANT CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA (CSOM) TONSILLITIS STROKE(CVA) HEAD INJURY BELLS PALSY PALLIATIVE CARE AND HOSPICE CARE EMERGENCY NURSING ROLE CARE OF CRITICAL ILL CLIENT MENNIRE DISEASE PELVIC INFLAMMATION DISEASE ABORTION TYPES BURN MANAGEMENT CHEMOTHERAPY RADIATION THERAPY TNM CLASSIFICATION WARNING SIGN OF CANCER CATARACT GLAUCOMA HEARING AIDS DISASTER MANAGEMENT INFECTION CONTROL IN CCU