Usmle with Dr Anthony

Correct answer-3 Molecule A in the figure is phospholipase C that catalyzes the formation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) from phosphatidylinositol 4,5- bisphosphate (PIP2). Phosphoinositides are important intracellular second messengers. The phosphoinositide (PI) cycle illustrated in the figure is based on the formation of PIP2 in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. The breakdown of PIP2 leads to the formation of the key functional agents of the PI cycle. The process begins with the binding of a ligand to its G protein–linked receptor on the cell surface. In this case, the trimeric G protein is known as Gq. It activates a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. PI-specific phospholipase C hydrolyzes PIP2 to form DAG and IP3. These two molecules function differently to regulate intracellular function.

Correct answer-4 The structures of a typical synovial joint. Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity.The synovial joint is the most common and most complex type of joint found in the body. Synovial fluid has three primary functions: Lubrication,Nutrient distribution & Shock absorption. This fluid is found in the synovial cavity of a joint, which is the space enclosed by the articular capsule. Its nutritional abilities are vital for healthy cartilage, which has a very poor blood supply so relies on diffusion from the synovial fluid.

Correct answer-2 The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland located within the brain. Its main secretion is melatonin, which regulates the circadian rhythm of the body. It is also thought to produce hormones that inhibit the action of other endocrine glands in the body. Anatomical Structure and Position The pineal gland is small glandular body, approximately 6mm long. It is shaped like a pine cone, from which its name is derived. There are two types of cells present within the gland: • Pinealocytes – hormone secreting cells. • Glial cells – supporting cells. In middle age, the gland commonly becomes calcified, and can be subsequently identified on radiographs and CT scans of the head. Anatomical Position The pineal gland is a midline structure, located between the two cerebral hemispheres. It is attached by a stalk to the posterior wall of third ventricle. In close proximity to the gland are the superior colliculi of the midbrain – paired structures that play an important role in vision.

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