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◾ FEATURES OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS [ PART - 1] #Fundamentalrights 1. Some of them are available only to the citizens while others are available to all persons whether citizens, foreigners or legal persons like corporations or companies. 2. They are not absolute but qualified. The state can impose reasonable restrictions on them. However, whether such restrictions are reasonable or not is to be decided by the courts. 3. Thus, they strike a balance between the rights of the individual and those of the society as a whole, between individual liberty and social control. 4. All of them are available against the arbitrary action of the state. However, some of them are also available against the action of private individuals. 5. Some of them are negative in character, that is, place limitations on the authority of the State, while others are positive in nature, conferring certain privileges on the persons. ◾SOURCE - M.laxmikanth and Constitution of India.

◾ BY DEPRIVATION #Citizenship It is a compulsory termination of Indian citizenship by the Central government, if: 1. the citizen has obtained the citizenship by fraud: 2. the citizen has shown disloyalty to the Constitution of India: 3. the citizen has unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a war; 4. the citizen has, within five years after registration or naturalisation, been imprisoned in any country for two years; and 5. the citizen has been ordinarily resident out of India for seven years continuously.

१) खालील पैकी कोणाचा अखिल भारतीय कांग्रेस पक्षाच्या स्थापनेत सहभाग होता ? अ) श्री. डब्ल्यू . सी. बॅनर्जी ब) श्री. दिनशॉ वाच्छा क) श्री. विल्यम वेडेरबर्न ड) वरील सर्व.✅ २) खालीलपैकी कोणती संघटना कांग्रेस प्रणित नाही? अ) कांग्रेस सेवा दल ब) युक्रांद✅ क) एन एस यू आय ड) आय एन टी यू सी ३) कांग्रेस पक्षातील हाय कमांड म्हणजे खालीलपैकी कोण असते? अ) पक्षाध्यक्ष ब) पक्ष उपाध्यक्ष क) कांग्रेस कार्यकारी समिती ✅ ड) यापैकी नाही ४) खालीलपैकी योग्य विधाने निवडा. १) राष्ट्रीय कॉंग्रेस ही लोकशाही तत्वावर आधारित असलेली संघटना होती. २) १८८५ साली राष्ट्रीय कॉंग्रेसची स्थापना झाली. ३) राष्ट्रीय सभेवर गांधीजींच्या विचारांचा प्रभाव असला तरी दुसऱ्या महायुद्धात भारताने इंग्रजांना मदत करावी या गांधीजींच्या निर्णयाविरुद्ध राष्ट्रीय सभेने ठराव संमत केला होता. अ) फक्त १ व ३ ब) फक्त १ व २ क) फक्त २ व ३ ड) वरील सर्व ✅ ५) कॉंग्रेसमधील जहाल व मवाळ गटातील प्रमुख पूरक असलेले पर्याय निवडा ?  १) विचारसरणीत  भिन्नता  २) आंदोलन मार्गातील भिन्नता  ३) मागण्यात  भिन्नता  ४) स्वराज्य व स्वातंत्र्य मुद्यावर मतभेद  अ) १, ३ व ४ ब) २, ३ व ४ क) १, २ व ३✅ ड) १, २ व ४ ६) खालीलपैकी कोणते उद्दिष्ट कॉंग्रेसच्या स्थापनेशी संबंधित नाही ?     अ) भारतीय लोकाचा असंतोष कमी करणे. ब) इंग्रज प्रशासनाच्या चुका दुरुस्त करणे  क) विविध प्रश्नावर लोकमत तयार करणे  ड) जहाल व मवाळामध्ये समन्वय प्रस्थापित करणे✅ ७) भारताला स्वातंत्र्य मिळाल्यावर राष्ट्रीय सभा बरखास्त करण्यात यावी असे खालीलपैकी कोणाचे मत होते ? अ) सी. राजगोपालाचारी   ब) आचार्य कृपलानी  क) महात्मा गांधी ✅ ड) जयप्रकाश नारायण  ८) खालीलपैकी कोणती योजना कांग्रेस कार्यकाळातील नाही ? अ) मनरेगा ब) किसान विकास पत्र क) सुकन्या समृद्धी✅ ड) अन्न सुरक्षा ९) २०१४ च्या लोकसभा निवडणुकीत कॉंग्रेसला पूर्ण भारतात किती जागा मिळाल्या ? अ) ४४ ✅ ब) ४८ क) ५२ ड) ६१ १०) खालीलपैकी कोणत्या कॉंग्रेस नेत्याने भारत देशाचे गृहमंत्रीपद भूषवले नाही? अ) पी. चिदंबरम ब) पी.व्ही. नरसिंहाराव क) इंदिरा गांधी ड) पृथ्वीराज चव्हाण ✅ _________

📌 ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP #Citizenship 🔺️ BY NATURALISATION [ PART 1] 🔸️ The Central Government may, on an application, grant a certificate of naturalisation to any person (not being an illegal migrant) if he possesses the following qualifications: 🔸️ that he is not a subject or citizen of any country where citizens of India are prevented from becoming subjects or citizens of that country by naturalisation; 🔸️ that, if he is a citizen of any country, he undertakes to renounce the citizenship of that country in the event of his application for Indian citizenship being accepted; 🔸️ Government in India or partly the one and partly the other, throughout the period of twelve months immediately preceding the date of the application;

📌 ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP. #Citizenship 🔺️ BY DESCENT 🔸️ A person born outside India on or after January 26, 1950 but before December 10, 1992 is a citizen of India by descent, if his father was a citizen of India at the time of his birth. 🔸️ A person born outside India on or after December 10, 1992 is considered as a citizen of India if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. 🔸️ December 3, 2004 onwards, a person born outside India shall not be a citizen of India by descent, unless his birth is registered at an Indian consulate within one year of the date of birth or with the permission of the Central Government, after the expiry of the said period.

📌 ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP #Citizenship 🔺️ BY REGISTRATION 🔸️ a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration; 🔸️ a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in any country or place outside undivided India; 🔸️ a person who is married to a citizen of India and is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration; 🔸️ minor children of persons who are citizens of India; 🔸️ a person of full age and capacity whose parents are registered as citizens of India; 🔸️ a person of full age and capacity who, or either of his parents, was earlier citizen of independent India, and is ordinarily resident in India for twelve months before making an application for registration; 🔸️Person of full age and capacity who has been registered as overseas citizen of India cardholder for five years, and who is ordinarily resident in India for twelve months before making an application.

📌 ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP. #Citizenship 🔺️ BY DESCENT 🔸️ A person born outside India on or after January 26, 1950 but before December 10, 1992 is a citizen of India by descent, if his father was a citizen of India at the time of his birth. 🔸️ A person born outside India on or after December 10, 1992 is considered as a citizen of India if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. 🔸️ December 3, 2004 onwards, a person born outside India shall not be a citizen of India by descent, unless his birth is registered at an Indian consulate within one year of the date of birth or with the permission of the Central Government, after the expiry of the said period.

📌 ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP. #Citizenship The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship, viz, birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and incorporation of territory: 🔺️ BY BIRTH 🔸️ A person born in India on or after January 26, 1950 but before July 1, 1987 is a citizen of India by birth irrespective of the nationality of his parents. 🔸️ A person born in India on or after July 1, 1987 is considered as a citizen of India only if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. 🔸️ Further, those born in India on or after December 3, 2004 are considered citizens of India only if both of their parents are citizens of India or one of whose parents is a citizen of India and the other is not an illegal migrant at the time of their birth. 🔸️ The children of foreign diplomats posted in India and enemy aliens cannot acquire Indian citizenship by birth.

📌 THE CONSTITUTION CONFERS THE FOLLOWING RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES ON THE CITIZEN OF INDIA (and denies the same to aliens): #Citizenship 🔸️ Right against discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (Article 15). 🔸️ Right to equality of opportunity in the matter of public employment (Article 16). 🔸️ Right to freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence and profession (Article 19). 🔸️ Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29 and 30). 🔸️ Right to vote in elections to the Lok Sabha and state legislative assembly. 🔸️ Right to contest for the membership of the Parliament and the state legislature. 🔸️ Eligibility to hold certain public offices, that is, President of India, Vice-President of India, judges of the Supreme Court and the high courts, Governor of states, Attorney General of India and Advocate General of states.