اکنون در دسترس! پژوهش تلگرام ۲۰۲۵ — مهمترین بینشهای سال 
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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1st Phase PT (Interview) SCHEDULE CSE 2025 (08-19 December)
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*UPSC Prelims 2026*
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
🛡️ *Freedom to manage religious affairs (Article 26)*
♟️Every religious denomination or its sections has the freedom to manage its own affairs
♟️It can establish and maintain institutions for religions and charitable purposes
♟️It can own and acquire movable and immovable property
♟️It has the right to administer such property in accordance with laws
♟️ *Article 25* individual rights
♟️ *Article 26* Protects collective freedom of religion.
♟️ *Reasonable restrictions* public order, morality and health
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*🛡️Cultural Significance of Vijayanagara Empire [14th–16th c.]*
*💎Religious Pluralism*
♟️Patronized Shaiva & Vaishnava sects, Dvaita & Advaita schools.
♟️Boosted Bhakti movement, with temples as centres of devotion.
♟️Encouraged coexistence of Muslims & Christians.
*💎Cultural Revival & Architecture*
♟️Preserved indigenous traditions, commentaries on Vedas.
♟️Built magnificent temples & palaces blending Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya & Chola styles.
♟️Examples: Virupaksha, Vittala, Hazara Rama Temples (Hampi).
*💎Sculpture & Painting*
♟️Bronze & stone sculptures with royal, religious & mythological themes.
♟️Murals (e.g., Lepakshi) depicting Hindu mythology.
*💎Literature & Music*
♟️Patronized works in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, Sanskrit (e.g., Tenali Raman, Krishnadevaraya).
♟️Haridasa tradition infused Bhakti into Carnatic music.
*💎Dance*
♟️Innovation in Devadasi Nritya (Bharatanatyam) & early Kuchipudi.
♟️Temple sculptures depict dance poses & mudras.
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*🛡️Universal Declaration of Human Rights [1948]*
♟️It was adopted in UNGA Paris, 10th Dec 1948
♟️It has 30 articles
♟️Article 1 - All human are born free and equal. Hansa mehta had made important contribution in this article, she changed it from “All men” to “All human”
♟️In general it talks about dignity, liberty, and equality, righ to life, abolishing slavery and torture , protection of individual, cultural and social rights.
♟️Articles 1–2 established the basic concepts of dignity, liberty, and equality.
♟️Articles 3–5 established other individual rights, such as the right to life and the
♟️Prohibition of slavery and torture.
♟️Articles 6–11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights.
♟️Articles 12–17 established the rights of the individual towards the community,
♟️Including freedom of movement.
♟️Articles 18–21 sanctioned "constitutional liberties", public, political freedoms,
♟️Such as freedom of thought, opinion, religion and conscience,word, and peaceful association of the individual.
♟️Articles 22–27 sanctioned an individual's economic, social and cultural rights,
♟️Including healthcare.
♟️Articles 28–30 established the general means of exercising these rights, the areas
♟️In which the rights of the individual cannot be applied, the duty of the individual
♟️To society, and the prohibition of the use of rights in contravention of the purposes
♟️Of the United Nations Organization.
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*🛡️Tropical Rain Destabilises Oceans Only When Light*
*💎Key Findings*
♟️Scientists earlier believed rain makes the ocean’s surface more buoyant (due to freshwater being lighter)
♟️New study (Univ. of Washington, July 2025) finds light rain destabilises the ocean, but heavy rain stabilises it
*💎Mechanism*
♟️Rain in tropics often comes with cold pools (cold, dry air + clouds)
♟️These cool the surface, block sunlight & transfer heat to air
♟️Thus, heavier rain makes surface cooler and more stable
♟️Light rain (0.2–4 mm/hr) increases mixing, while heavy rain = negative buoyancy flux (surface stays more stable)
*💎Additional Observations*
♟️Rainfall at night destabilises oceans more than during the day
♟️Researchers identified:
*⚜️Cold Rain Zone* (W. Pacific & Indian Ocean): High heat loss
*⚜️Hot Rain Zone* (Central Pacific): Less heat loss
*💎Impact on Climate*
♟️Ocean mixing affects carbon, heat, nutrient transport
♟️Rainfall dynamics influence weather and climate models
♟️Study highlights risk of prediction errors due to simplistic assumptions.
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*🛡️Konark Sun Temple*
♟️It was built middle of 13th century, by King Narasimhadeva I of Ganga dynasty.
♟️Temple is representation of sun god Surya's chariot with 24 wheels.
♟️It is UNESCO world heritage site.
♟️It is also known as 'Black Pagoda' due to its dark color.
♟️Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has taken up the Complete Solarisation of Konark sun temple and Konark town in Odisha to develop it as ‘Surya Nagri’.
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*🛡️Quotes on Inequalities*
*♟️Pope Francis*
“Human rights are not only violated by terrorism, repression or assassination, but also by unfair economic structures that create huge inequalities.”
*♟️APJ Abdul Kalam*
“Building capacity dissolves differences. It irons out inequalities.”
*♟️Nelson Mandela*
“A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones.”
*♟️Thomas Piketty*
“The problem of inequality is not simply about economic disparities but about the social and political power structures that perpetuate them.”
*♟️Barack Obama*
“We need to make sure that everyone gets a fair shot and that everyone plays by the same rules. Inequality is not just a moral issue; it’s an economic one.”
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*🛡️Lord Curzon*
♟️The Bardhaman municipality, West Bengal has decided to erect a statue of an erstwhile maharaja in front of the landmark Curzon Gate in the city.
*💎About Curzon*
♟️He served as Under-Secretary of State for India (1891-1892), and for Foreign Affairs (1895-1898), before being appointed Viceroy of India in 1899.
♟️Of all the Viceroys of India, Curzon is possibly the most criticised — he is the man who partitioned Bengal in 1905, and triggered a wave of Bengali nationalism that contributed to the wider Indian national movement. He was also one of the more openly imperialist of viceroys, and a man who saw Britain’s rule over India as critical to the survival of the empire.
♟️In 1900, Curzon famously stated, “We could lose all our [white settlement] dominions and still survive, but if we lost India, our sun would sink to its setting.”
*💎Reforms by Lord Curzon*
*♟️Educational* Curzon brought in the Indian Universities Act of 1904,which brought all the universities in India under the control of the government.
*♟️Scientific* The Agriculture Research Institute in Pusa (Bihar – Bengal Presidency) was established.
*♟️Administrative* He instituted a Police Commission in 1902 under the chairmanship of Sir Andrew Frazer.
♟️During the Curzon regime, the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) was established which covered roughly the areas of the upper course of the River Indus.
*♟️Military* Imperial cadet corpswas set up which became an instrument for the Indianisation of the army later.
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*🛡️Books on the 1857 Revolt*
*💎Authors & Their Works:*
♟️Khan Mohammad Sadiq Khan – *Excavation of Truth: Unsung Heroes of 1857 War of Independence*
♟️S.N. Sen – *1857*
♟️R.C. Majumdar & Ashok Mehta – *Sepoy Mutiny & Revolt of 1857, The Great Rebellion*
♟️Vinayak Damodar Savarkar – *The Indian War of Independence*
♟️Karl Marx – *The First Indian War of Independence 1857-59*
♟️Puran Chand Joshi – *Rebellion, 1857: A Symposium*
♟️George Bruce Malleson – *The Indian Mutiny of 1857*
♟️Christopher Hibbert – *Great Mutiny*
♟️Iqbal Hussain – *Religion and Ideology of the Rebels of 1857*
