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Code Explanation: The code starts by creating a class, tkinterApp. This class has two main functions: _init_ and show_frame. The _init_ function is used to initialize the objects in the application. The first function, _init_ for the class Tk, is used to initialize the object tkinterApp. It takes two arguments: *args and **kwargs. The first argument is an empty list of strings, while the second argument is a dictionary of key-value pairs that are passed to various methods in Tkinter. Next, the code creates a container object called container and packs it into a frame onscreen with side set to “top” and fill set to “both”. The expand property of container is set to True so that it will automatically be expanded when displayed onscreen. Finally, grid_rowconfigure() and grid_columnconfigure() are used to configure the rows and columns of container respectively. Now that everything is setup, the code starts iterating through different page layouts using for loop. For each layout (StartPage, Page1, Page2), a new frame instance (F) is created and initialized with values from startpage (the first layout), page The code creates a Tkinter application and defines three frames, StartPage, Page1, and Page2. The _init_ function for the class tkinterApp is used to initialize the frames and container. The container is then packed into a Frame object and displayed on-screen. The code first iterates through a tuple consisting of the different page layouts. For each layout, a Frame object is created and initialized with the appropriate parameters. The Frame objects are then placed in respective containers and displayed on-screen. When the user clicks on one of the buttons, the show_frame function is called which invokes the controller’s show_frame function for that particular page layout.

import tkinter as tk from tkinter import ttk LARGEFONT =("Verdana", 35) class tkinterApp(tk.Tk): # init function for class tkinterApp def init(self, *args, **kwargs): # init function for class Tk tk.Tk.init(self, *args, **kwargs) # creating a container container = tk.Frame(self) container.pack(side = "top", fill = "both", expand = True) container.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight = 1) container.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight = 1) # initializing frames to an empty array self.frames = {} # iterating through a tuple consisting # of the different page layouts for F in (StartPage, Page1, Page2): frame = F(container, self) # initializing frame of that object from # startpage, page1, page2 respectively with # for loop self.frames[F] = frame frame.grid(row = 0, column = 0, sticky ="nsew") self.show_frame(StartPage) # to display the current frame passed as # parameter def show_frame(self, cont): frame = self.frames[cont] frame.tkraise() # first window frame startpage class StartPage(tk.Frame): def init(self, parent, controller): tk.Frame.init(self, parent) # label of frame Layout 2 label = ttk.Label(self, text ="Startpage", font = LARGEFONT) # putting the grid in its place by using # grid label.grid(row = 0, column = 4, padx = 10, pady = 10) button1 = ttk.Button(self, text ="Page 1", command = lambda : controller.show_frame(Page1)) # putting the button in its place by # using grid button1.grid(row = 1, column = 1, padx = 10, pady = 10) ## button to show frame 2 with text layout2 button2 = ttk.Button(self, text ="Page 2", command = lambda : controller.show_frame(Page2)) # putting the button in its place by # using grid button2.grid(row = 2, column = 1, padx = 10, pady = 10) # second window frame page1 class Page1(tk.Frame): def init(self, parent, controller): tk.Frame.init(self, parent) label = ttk.Label(self, text ="Page 1", font = LARGEFONT) label.grid(row = 0, column = 4, padx = 10, pady = 10) # button to show frame 2 with text # layout2 button1 = ttk.Button(self, text ="StartPage", command = lambda : controller.show_frame(StartPage)) # putting the button in its place # by using grid button1.grid(row = 1, column = 1, padx = 10, pady = 10) # button to show frame 2 with text # layout2 button2 = ttk.Button(self, text ="Page 2", command = lambda : controller.show_frame(Page2)) # putting the button in its place by # using grid button2.grid(row = 2, column = 1, padx = 10, pady = 10 # third window frame page2 class Page2(tk.Frame): def init(self, parent, controller): tk.Frame.init(self, parent) label = ttk.Label(self, text ="Page 2", font = LARGEFONT) label.grid(row = 0, column = 4, padx = 10, pady = 10) # button to show frame 2 with text # layout2 button1 = ttk.Button(self, text ="Page 1", command = lambda : controller.show_frame(Page1) # putting the button in its place by # using grid button1.grid(row = 1, column = 1, padx = 10, pady = 10) # button to show frame 3 with text # layout3 button2 = ttk.Button(self, text ="Startpage", command = lambda : controller.show_frame(StartPage)) # putting the button in its place by # using grid button2.grid(row = 2, column = 1, padx = 10, pady = 10) app = tkinterApp() app.mainloop()

Tkinter Application to Switch Between Different Page Frames 🚀🔥 Sometimes it happens that we need to create an application with several pops up dialog boxes, i.e Page Frames. Here is a step by step process to create multiple Tkinter Page Frames and link them! This can be used as a boilerplate for more complex python GUI applications like creating interfaces for Virtual Laboratories for experiments, classrooms, etc. Here are the steps: Create three different pages. Here we have three different pages, The start page as the home page, page one, and page two. Create a container for each page frame. We have four classes. First is the tkinterApp class, where we have initialized the three frames and defined a function show_frame which is called every time the user clicks on a button. The StartPage is simple with two buttons to go to Page 1 and Page 2. Page 1 has two buttons, One for Page 2 and another to return to Start Page. Page 2 also has two buttons, one for Page 1 and others to return to StartPage. This is a simplistic application of navigating between Tkinter frames. This can be used as a boilerplate for more complex applications and several features can be added. The App starts with the StartPage as the first page, as shown in class tkinterApp. Here in StartApp, there are two buttons. Clicking on a button takes you to the respective Page. You can add images and graphs to these pages and add complex functionality. The pages have two buttons as well. Every time a button is pressed show_frame is called, which displays the respective Page.

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Getting into the next aspect, first of all, we have to create a list containing all the buttons that need to appear on the calculator. In this list, we will represent some characters by encoding them. Since the “.grid()” function works with row and column parameters. Therefore, we will take two variables for the same and then we run a “for” loop for creating the buttons by “.Buttons()”. The parameters under this widget are the same as before. But, in addition to this, it has a “command” parameter which will call the “click()” function. It is a UDF that consists of the block of code which will add the actual functionalities of the calculator. With that, we will set the positions for the buttons. To get the buttons systematically , according to the size of the window, we will use a condition. The condition says that if the column exceeds 7 then the row must get changed to place another button. That’s how we will be able to see all the buttons on the window. The last thing is to add the functionalities, we will make a UDF named “click()”. Under this, with the help of an “if-else” ladder, we will check for the buttons that get pressed. First, we will get the information stored in the variable about the type of button pressed. To handle any of the syntax errors while calculating we will run a try and except block. The first button stated “C” which is for clearing the last digit. To get this task done, we will first delete the last entered value by slicing. The next step is common to all operations, for displaying the result, we first have to delete the whole thing and then insert that particular result and this will be possible by “.delete()” & “.insert()”. The result will get stored in the variable. Next button “CE”, to clear everything. It is being done by “.delete(0,” end”)”. The parameters passed state that the particular must get deleted from starting to end The “square root” functionality is being added by using a function from the math module i.e. “.sqrt()”. The values passed under this function as parameters are under the “eval()” function which will allow the evaluation of arbitrary Python expressions from a string-based or compiled-code-based input. Same as for all the other buttons such as, we will use the functions from the math module. pi: math.pi sinh: math.sinh() cosh: math.cosh() tanh: math.tanh() cosθ: math.cos() sinθ: math.sin() tanθ: math.tan() ln: math.log2() deg: math.degrees() rad: math.radians() e: math.e log10: math.log10() x!: math.factorial()

# Importing the library from future.moves import tkinter import math # To provide functionalities def click(val): e = entry.get() # getting the value ans = " " try: # To clear the last inserted text if val == "C": e = e[0:len(e) - 1] # deleting the last entered value entry.delete(0, "end") entry.insert(0, e) return # To delete everything elif val == "CE": entry.delete(0, "end") # Square root elif val == "√": ans = math.sqrt(eval(e)) # pi value elif val == "π": ans = math.pi # cos value elif val == "cosθ": ans = math.cos(math.radians(eval(e))) # sin value elif val == "sinθ": ans = math.sin(math.radians(eval(e))) # tan Value elif val == "tanθ": ans = math.tan(math.radians(eval(e))) # 2π value elif val == "2π": ans = 2 * math.pi # cosh value elif val == "cosh": ans = math.cosh(eval(e)) # sinh value elif val == "sinh": ans = math.sinh(eval(e)) # tanh value elif val == "tanh": ans = math.tanh(eval(e)) # cube root value elif val == chr(8731): ans = eval(e) ** (1 / 3) # x to the power y elif val == "x\u02b8": entry.insert("end", "**") return # cube value elif val == "x\u00B3": ans = eval(e) ** 3 # square value elif val == "x\u00B2": ans = eval(e) ** 2 # ln value elif val == "ln": ans = math.log2(eval(e)) # deg value elif val == "deg": ans = math.degrees(eval(e)) # radian value elif val == "rad": ans = math.radians(eval(e)) # e value elif val == "e": ans = math.e # log10 value elif val == "log10": ans = math.log10(eval(e)) # factorial value elif val == "x!": ans = math.factorial(eval(e)) # division operator elif val == chr(247): entry.insert("end", "/") return elif val == "=": ans = eval(e) else: entry.insert("end", val) return entry.delete(0, "end") entry.insert(0, ans) except SyntaxError: pass # Created the object root = tkinter.Tk() # Setting the title and geometry root.title("Scientific Calculator") root.geometry("680x486+100+100") # Setting the background color root.config(bg="black") # Entry field entry = tkinter.Entry(root, font=("arial", 20, "bold"), bg="black", fg="white", bd=10, width=30) entry.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=8) # buttons list button_list = ["C", "CE", "√", "+", "π", "cosθ", "tanθ", "sinθ", "1", "2", "3", "-", "2π", "cosh", "tanh", "sinh", "4", "5", "6", "*", chr(8731), "x\u02b8", "x\u00B3", "x\u00B2", "7", "8", "9", chr(247), "ln", "deg", "rad", "e", "0", ".", "%", "=", "log10", "(", ")", "x!"] r = 1 c = 0 # Loop to get the buttons on window for i in button_list: # Buttons button = tkinter.Button(root, width=5, height=2, bd=2, text=i, bg="black", fg="white", font=("arial", 18, "bold"), command=lambda button=i: click(button)) button.grid(row=r, column=c, pady=1) c += 1 if c > 7: r += 1 c = 0 # Makes window on loop root.mainloop()

Introduction: In this project, we build up the scientific calculator using the tkinter library of Python. It is the standard GUI library for Python. With its help, we prepared the GUI for the project, and to add the functionalities of the scientific calculator, we used a math module. So, scroll down and get to know the steps! Explanation: The first step is importing all the necessary libraries using the “import” keyword. For the latest version, the tkinter module comes under the future module. So first, we have to install the future module with the help of the command “pip install ”. The future module is a built-in module in Python that inherits new features which is available in the latest Python versions. With “future. moves” we will import the tkinter module. In the next step, to create an object of the tkinter frame will use “.Tk()”.With this, we will also set the title and geometry of our tkinter application. To set the background color for the project we will use “.config(bg=)”. And so, with that, we have set black as the background color for this project. We will also add an image by the corner to give it a creative aspect. With the help of “.PhotoImage(file=)”, we will load the picture, by using the “.Label()” we will make the label widget for this, and “.grid(row=,column= )” will help to get it placed well on the window. While working on this project, we need to fulfill three aspects. Space for the calculation Buttons for the calculation Adding the functionalities Talking about the first aspect, we will create an entry widget by “.Entry()”. Under this, we have provided the parameter such as root – window object font – The font style in which we want the information to get entered bg – Stating the background color for the space fg – Stating the color of the text appeared bd – Border of the entry widget width – width of the entry widget Finally, with the help of “.grid()” we will set the position for the entry widget. Source Code:

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