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(3a)
Ammonia (NH₃)
(3b)
White smoke with HCl
(3c)
(NH₄)₂SO₄
(3d)
Ammonium sulfate
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*WAEC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL*
*NUMBER TWO*
(2a)
Procedure:
Add all of C into a beaker with 10cm³ of distilled water and stir. Test the resulting solution with both red and blue litmus papers.
Observation:
Blue litmus paper turns red, red litmus paper remains unchanged.
Inference:
The solution is acidic.
(2bi)
First portion: Add NaOH(aq) in drops, then in excess
Observation:
A white gelatinous precipitate forms on addition of NaOH, which dissolves in excess NaOH.
Inference:
Presence of aluminium ions (Al³⁺).
(2bii)
Second portion: Add NH₃(aq) in drops, then in excess
Observation:
A white gelatinous precipitate forms, which is insoluble in excess ammonia.
Inference:
Confirms Al³⁺ ion, since Al(OH)₃ does not dissolve in excess NH₃.
(2biii)
Third portion: Add BaCl₂(aq), followed by dilute HCl
Observation:
A white precipitate forms with BaCl₂, which is insoluble in dilute HCl.
Inference:
Indicates the presence of sulfate ions (SO₄²⁻).
(2biv)
Fourth portion: Add Fehling’s solution A and B and boil.
Observation:
No red precipitate forms.
Inference:
No reducing sugar present.
Conclusion:
From all tests, the two substances present in mixture C are:
(i) Aluminium salt (e.g. aluminium sulfate Al₂(SO₄)3) gives Al³⁺ and SO₄²⁻
(ii) No reducing sugar or organic acid detected
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*2025 WAEC chemistry practical alternative A theoretical value for VA*
From the instruction paper
Volume of concentrated HCl (V₁) = 8.6cm³
Mass concentration of NaHCO₃ = 8g/dm³
My workings
% purity of HCl = 36
Specific gravity of HCl = 1.18
Molar mass of NaHCO₃ = (23) + (1) + (12) + (48) = 84g/mol
Molar mass of HCl = (1) + (35.5) = 36.5g/mol
VB = 25.0cm³
Equation of the reaction
HCl + NaHCO₃ -----> NaCl + H₂O + CO₂
nA = 1 and nB = 1
To get molar concentration (C₁) of the concentrated acid
Formula to use is
C₁ = (10 × % purity × specific gravity)/Molar mass
C₁ = (10 × 36 × 1.18)/36.5
C₁ = 424.8/36.5
C₁ = 11.6383
C₁ = 11.6mol/dm³
This C₁ is the molar concentration of concentrated HCl
To get C₂ which is molar concentration of the dilute HCl
Formula to use is
C₁V₁= C₂V₂
(11.6 × 8.6cm³) = (C₂ × 1000cm³ for dilution)
99.76 = 1000C₂
Divide both sides by 1000
C₂ = 0.09976
C₂ = 0.0998mol/dm³
This C₂ is our CA and it is the molar concentration of the dilute HCl
To get molar concentration of NaHCO₃ (i.e CB)
Formula to use is
CB = (Mass concentration of B)/(Molar mass of B)
CB = 8/84
CB = 0.09523 to 3 s.f
CB = 0.0952mol/dm³
To get VA
Formula to use is
VA = (CBVBnA)/(CAnB)
VA = (0.0952 × 25 × 1)/(0.0998 × 1)
VA = 2.38/0.0998
VA = 23.8476 to 3 s.f
VA = 23.80cm³
*2025 WAEC chemistry practical alternative A theoretical value for VA = 23.80cm³*
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(b) Mention five ways in which specimen M (Goat skin) is of economic importance to humans.
1. Used in the production of leather for shoes, bags, and belts.
2. Employed in the making of traditional drums and musical instruments.
3. Used in the production of clothing and fashion accessories.
4. Can be processed and exported for foreign exchange.
5. Used in some cultures as part of traditional ceremonies or crafts.
---
(c) Name three ectoparasites associated with specimen M (Goat skin).
1. Ticks
2. Lice
3. Mites
---
(d) Give three functions of specimen N (Horn) to the farm animal that possesses it.
1. Used for defense against predators or rivals.
2. Aids in social dominance or ranking within a herd.
3. Helps in thermoregulation by dissipating body heat.
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(1a)
(i)Low soil nitrogen levels
(ii)Soil pH adjustment
(1b)
(i)Broadcasting: Spreading fertilizers evenly over the field.
(ii)Band placement: Placing fertilizers in bands near the seeds or plants.
(iii)Foliar application: Spraying fertilizers directly on plant leaves.
(iv)Fertigation: Applying fertilizers through irrigation systems.
(1c)
(i)Potatoes
(ii)Bananas
(iii)Sugarcane
(iv)Tomatoes
(1d)
(i)Nutrient enrichment
(ii)Improved soil structure
(iii)Increased microbial activity
(iv)Sustainable resource
(v)Reduced waste
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*WAEC AGRICULTURE PRACTICAL*.
NUMBER 4
(4ai)
(i) Digestion of food.
(ii) Grinding of feed materials.
(4aii)
(i) Muscular walls for grinding.
(ii) Presence of grit for breaking down food.
(4b)
(i) Provides meat for food.
(ii) Supplies milk for consumption.
(iii) Produces wool or hair for textiles.
(iv) Used in agricultural labor.
(v) Source of manure for farming.
(4c)
(i) Ticks.
(ii) Lice.
(iii) Mites.
(4d)
(i) Protection from predators.
(ii) Regulation of body temperature.
(iii) Aid in sensory perception.
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WAEC UP NEXT MAY 16TH 2025
AGRIC SCIENCE PRACTICAL #1000
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