IGNOU BCA NOTES FOR EXAMS

Q18. What is Gauss Elimination method with partial pivoting? Ans. The use of a certain equation to eliminate a variable from other equations is called a pivot and a rule we use to choose which equation to use is called a pivoting strategy. The resulting modified algorithm is called Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting. Q19. What is LU Decomposition method? Ans: It is Lower-Upper Decomposition or factorization factors a matrix as the product of a lower triangular matrix and an upper triangular matrix. The product sometimes includes a permutation matrix as well. It can be viewed as the matrix form of Gaussian elimination. Q20. What is Interpolation in Numerical Analysis? Ans: In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, interpolation is a type of estimation, a method of constructing (finding) new data points based on the range of a discrete set of known data points. Q21. What is Composite Trapezoidal Rule? Ans: The composite trapezoidal rule is a method for approximating a definite integral by evaluating the integrand at n points.

BCSL-058 VIVA QUESTIONS Q1. What is numerical analysis? Ans: Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation for the problems of mathematical analysis. Q2. What is floating point representation? Ans: To represent very big numbers and very tiny numbers this floating point representation is used to save computer memory. Q3. What is floating point arithmetic? Ans: Floating-point arithmetic is arithmetic using formulaic representation of real numbers as an approximation to support a trade-off between range and precision. Q4. What are the properties of floating point arithmetic? Ans: Floating-point numbers do not behave the same as the real numbers encountered in mathematics: • The set of floating-point numbers does not form a field under the usual set of floating-point operations. • Some common rules of arithmetic are not always valid when applied to floating-point numbers. •  Not all rational numbers are floating-point numbers. • There are only a finite number of floating-point numbers. Q5. What are the format to represent a number? Ans: There are two format to represent a number: ✓ Fixed Point Representation ✓ Floating Point Representation Q6. What is significant digits? Ans: Significant figures of a number in positional notation are digits in the number that are reliable and absolutely necessary to indicate the quantity of something. Q7. What is normalization? Ans: To convert the fixed point data to the floating point data is called normalization. It is done to preserve maximum numbers of useful information carrying digits of number. Q8. What is Mantissa? Ans: The definition of a mantissa is the part of a number located after a decimal point. An example of mantissa is 234 in the number 1101.234. Q9. What is a Exponent? Ans: An exponent is a number or letter written above and to the right of a mathematical expression called the base. Q10. What is Base? Ans: A number base is the number of digits or combination of digits that a system of counting uses to represent numbers. A base can be any whole number greater than 0. Q11. How to find Initial approximation to a root? Ans: to compute a numerical approximation to a particular root, choose an initial guess close enough to that root. Close enough means a position x_0, from which the algorithm will not jump to another root - however, this is not possible for particular kinds of roots. Q12. What is Bisection method? Ans: The Bisection method is a root-finding method that applies to any continuous functions for which one knows two values with opposite signs. Q13. What is Regula Falsi method? Ans: The Regula-Falsi Method is a numerical method for estimating the roots of a polynomial f(x). A value x replaces the midpoint in the Bisection Method and serves as the new approximation of a root of f(x). The objective is to make convergence faster. Q14. What is Newton's method? Ans: Newton's method, also known as the Newton-Raphson method, named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a root-finding algorithm which produces successively better approximations to the roots of a real-valued function. Q15. What is Secant method? Ans: The secant method is a root-finding algorithm that uses a succession of roots of secant lines to better approximate a root of a function f. The secant method can be thought of as a finite-difference approximation of Newton's method. Q16. What is Gauss Elimination method? Ans: Gaussian elimination, also known as row reduction, is an algorithm for solving systems of linear equations. It consists of a sequence of operations performed on the corresponding matrix of coefficients. Q17. What is Pitfalls of Gauss Elimination method? Ans: Division by zero: during row normalization. Round of errors: more significant figure gives less errors.

*BCSL-057 VIVA QUESTIONS* Q1. What is HTML & Tag? Ans: HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language ➤ HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages ➤ HTML describes the structure of a Web page ➤ HTML consists of a series of elements ➤ HTML elements makes the browser to display the content A tag is a short description of an HTML object. It is the HTML syntax that defines every structure on an HTML page, including the placement of text and images and hypertext links. HTML tags begin with the less-than (<) character and end with greater-than (>). These symbols are also called angle brackets. Q2. What is Text Editor? Ans: Web pages can be created and modified by using professional HTML editors. However, for learning HTML a simple text editor like Notepad can be used. Q3. What is Browser? Ans: A web browser is a software application for accessing the World Wide Web. When a user requests a web page from a particular website, the web browser retrieves the necessary content from a web server and then displays the page on the user's device. Q4. What is HEAD? Ans: The element is a container for metadata (data about data) and is placed between the tag and the tag. Metadata typically define the document title, character set, styles, scripts, and other Meta information. The following elements can go inside the element:

Q8. Difference between TCP & UDP. Ans: TCP is a connection oriented protocol. UDP is a connection less protocol. In TCP, the data is transmitted in a particular sequence which means that packets arrive in-order at the receiver. On other hand there is no sequencing of data in UDP in order to implement ordering it has to be managed by the application layer. Q9. What are the Layers of TCP/IP Model? Ans: There are four layers of TCP/IP:- ❖ Application layer interacts with an application program, which is the highest level of OSI model. ❖ Transport layer is responsible for error-free, end-to-end delivery of data from the source host to the destination host. ❖ Internet Layer parallels the functions of OSI's Network layer. It defines the protocols which are responsible for logical transmission of data over the entire network. ❖ Network layer corresponds to the combination of Data Link Layer and Physical Layer of the OSI model. It looks out for hardware addressing and the protocols present in this layer allows for the physical transmission of data. Q10. What is Network Firewall? Ans: A firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and decides whether to allow or block specific traffic based on a defined set of security rules. A firewall can be either hardware or software or both. Types: ■ Packet Filters ■ Stateful Inspection ■Proxy Server Q11. What is IP Header? Ans: An IP header is a prefix to an IP packet that contains information about the IP version, length of the packet, source and destination IP addresses, etc. Q12. Difference between Internet & Intranet. Ans: The Internet is a wide network of computers that is available to all whereas Intranet is a network of computers designed for a certain group of users. Q13. Difference between IP Address & URL. Ans: An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. URL address, allow the access to a specific resource on a web server. It is often the HTTP or HTTPS followed by the IP-Address or Domain name and the Page name. Q14. What is DNS Server? Ans: The Domain Name System is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. Some extra topics: ARP & RARP ICMP Subnetting & supernetting IPv4 & IPv6 Sliding window protocol SNMP Socket

BCSL-056 VIVA QUESTIONS Q1. What is Network? Ans: A computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes. Q2. What is Subnetting in Networking? Ans: A subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting. This results in the logical division of an IP address into two fields: the network number or routing prefix and the rest field or host identifier. Q3. What is Network Tropology? Ans: Network topology is the arrangement of the elements of a communication network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial fieldbuses and computer networks. Q4. What is Router and how it does Routing? Ans: A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through the internet, such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets. Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks. Broadly, routing is performed in many types of networks, including circuit-switched networks, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and computer networks, such as the Internet. Q5. What is OSI Reference Model? Ans: The Open Systems Interconnection model is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. There are seven layers in OSI Model:- ❖ Application Layer: The application layer is used by end-user software such as web browsers and email clients. It provides protocols that allow software to send and receive information and present meaningful data to users. Examples HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS. ❖ Presentation Layer: It prepares data for the application layer nd defines how two devices should encode, encrypt, and compress. ❖ Session Layer: It creates communication channels, called sessions, between devices. It is responsible for opening sessions, ensuring they remain open and functional while data is being transferred, and closing them when communication ends. ❖ Transport Layer: The transport layer takes data transferred in the session layer and breaks it into "segments" on the transmitting end. ❖ Network Layer: It has two main functions. One is breaking up segments into network packets, and reassembling the packets on the receiving end. The other is routing packets by discovering the best path across a physical network. ❖ Data Link Layer: The data link layer establishes and terminates a connection between two physically-connected nodes on a network. It breaks up packets into frames and sends them from source to destination. ❖ Physical Layer: The physical layer is responsible for the physical cable or wireless connection between network nodes. Q6. Difference between HUB & Switch? Ans: A hub works on the physical layer (Layer 1) of OSI model while Switch works on the data link layer (Layer 2). Switch is more efficient than the hub. A switch can join multiple computers within one LAN, and a hub just connects multiple Ethernet devices together as a single segment. Q7. Difference between HTTP & HTTPS. Ans: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application layer protocol for distributed, collaborative, information systems. By default, HTTP uses port 80. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is used for secure communication over a computer network, and is widely used on the Internet. In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security or, formerly, Secure Sockets Layer and HTTPS uses port 443.

BCSL13: 1. 🧠 What is chip set? 2. 💻 What is Application Software? 3. ✉️ Signature in email 4. ⌨️ Mujhe keyboard keys, email, browser, ram, memory, external memory pucha 5. 🔢 Like, function keys kitni hoti he, Control keys , email CC & BCC, Address bar 6. ✉️ CC & BCC 7. 🐧 What is Linux? 8. 📊 Types of charts 9. 💾 Secondary memory 10. 📝 Drop function in word 11. 🖥 Types of software 12. 🔒 How to add password to file 13. 🖥 What is system software 14. 📢 What is broadcasting 15. 🌐 Internet, IP address, TCP BCSL21: 1. 🧠 Malloc() function 2. 💻 Conio.h k koi 2 function 3. 🏗 What is structure 4. 🖋 User define function kuch 5. 🎯 What is pointer? 6. 🔄 What is the use of Switch statement? 7. 💽 Mujhe data types, pointer, structure, switch, recursive 8. 🔑 Keywords 9. 🆔 Identifier 10. 📄 Header files 11. 🎚 Arrays BCSL22: 1. 🔄 What is multiplexer 2. ⚡️ What is interrupt 3. 🗺 What is Associative memory mapping 4. ➕ Difference between half adder and full adder 5. 📡 Int 21h 6. 📡 H21 BCSL32: Encapsulation: - 🧠 What is encapsulation? Polymorphism: - 🔄 Polymorphism - 🔄 Function overloading - 🔄 Polymorphism - 🧠 Abstraction - 🔄 Inheritance - 🔄 Polymorphism - 🔢 Array Function Overloading: - 🔄 Function overloading - 🔄 Function overloading Control Structures and Variables: - 🔒 Any entry control loops - 💾 How to assign value to variable - 🔙 Return type of main function - 🔄 What type of data main function returns Abstraction: - 🧠 Abstraction Inheritance: - 🧠 What is inheritance Storage Classes: - 🔐 How many storage classes we have Arrays: - 🔢 Array - 🧠 What is array? Data Types: - 📏 Str CMT data type return Loops: - 🔃 Types of loop Pointer: - 🔢 Array - 🔗 Pointer Type of Inheritance: - 🔠 Types of inheritance Encapsulation: - 🧠 Encapsulation - 📏 str cmt data type Function Overriding: - 🔄 Function overriding Control Structures: - 🔒 Entry loop Abstraction: - 🧠 Abstraction BCSL33: Data & File Structures: - 🤔 What did you study in Data & File Structures? Types of Data Structures: - 🔠 Types of data structures Trees and Graphs: - 🌳 What are trees and graphs? Spanning Tree: - 🌲 Spanning tree Postfix and Prefix Expression: - 🔡 Postfix and prefix expression Queue: - 🚶 What is a queue? - 🔢 Types of queue - ↔️ Difference between queue and stack Binary Tree: - 🌲 Binary tree - 🧠 What is a binary tree? Linked List: - 🔗 Types of linked list Searching: - 🔍 Type of searching Graph: - 🌐 Graph Linear and Non-Linear Data Structures: - 🔀 Linear and non-linear data structures Matrix: - 📐 Matrix Sparse Matrix: - 📐 Sparse matrix Sorting and Merging: - 🔍 Sorting and merging Infix and Postfix: - 🔡 Infix and postfix B-Tree: - 🌲 B-Tree Stack: - 🔍 Stack Linear and Non-Linear: - 🔀 Linear and non-linear data structures Matrix: - 📐 Matrix BCSL34: Database Normalization: - 🤔 Normalization - 🧠 Explain 1NF - 🧠 1NF and 2NF - 🔄 Denormalization Database Keys: - 🔍 Difference between candidate key and alternate key - 🔠 Types of keys - 🔑 Primary key - 🔐 Foreign key Database Relationships: - 💑 Relationship in DBMS - 💻 DBMS relationship ACID Properties: - 🤔 What is ACID - 🔄 ACID Database Constraints: - 🚧 CONSTRAINTS - 💽 Referential Integrity Rule in DBMS Other Database Concepts: - 🔄 Can we repeat the attribute in foreign keys? - 🤔 What is data redundancy? Good luck with your viva!  🍀

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Practical date sheet

Notes 5th Semester

▰▱▰▱▰▱▰▱▰▱▰▱▰▱▰▱▰▱ IGNOU BCA All Semester Study Notes Click this subject code to download the PDF ▰▱▰▱▰▱▰▱▰▱▰▱▰▱▰▱▰▱ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 1st Seme  *Notes ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🔗 ECO-01 :-Business Organization 🔗 FEG-02 :-Foundation course in English -2 🔗 BCS-011 :-Computer Basics and PC Software 🔗 BCS-012 :-Mathematics                     🔗 BCSL-013 :-Computer Basics and PC Software Lab ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 2nd Seme   Study Material   *Notes ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🔗 ECO-02 :-Accountancy-1 🔗 MCS-012 :-Computer Organization and Assembly Language Programming 🔗 MCS-011 :-Problem Solving and Programming 🔗 MCS-015 :-Communication Skills 🔗 MCS-013 :-Discrete Mathematics                     🔗 BCSL-021 :-C Language Programming Lab 🔗 BCSL-022 :-Assembly Language Programming Lab ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 3rd Seme   Study Material   *Notes ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🔗 MCS-021 :-Data and File Structures 🔗 MCS-023 :-Introduction to Database Management Systems 🔗 MCS-014 :-Systems Analysis and Design 🔗 BCS-031 :-Programming in C++ 🔗 BCSL-032 :-C++ Programming Lab                     🔗 BCSL-033 :-Data and File Structures Lab 🔗 BCSL-034 :-DBMS Lab ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 4th Seme   *Notes ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🔗 BCS-040  :-Statistical Techniques 🔗 MCS-024 :-Object-Oriented Technologies and Java Programming 🔗 BCS-041 :-Fundamentals of Computer Networks 🔗 BCS-042     :-Introduction to Algorithm Design 🔗 MCSL-016 :-Internet Concepts and Web Design 🔗 BCSL-043 :-Java Programming Lab                     🔗 BCSL-044 :-Statistical Techniques Lab 🔗 BCSL-045 :-Algorithm Design Lab ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 5th Seme   Study Material *Notes ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🔗 BCS-051 :-Introduction to Software Engineering 🔗 BCS-052 :-Network Programming and Administration 🔗 BCS-053  :-Web Programming 🔗 BCS-054     :-Computer Oriented Numerical Techniques 🔗 BCS-055     :-Business Communication 🔗 BCSL-056    :-Network Programming and Administration Lab 🔗 BCSL-057 :-Web Programming Lab                     🔗 BCSL-058      :-Computer Oriented Numerical Techniques Lab ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 6th Seme  *Notes ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🔗 BCS-062    :-E-Commerce 🔗 MCS-022     :-Operating System Concepts and Networking Management                     🔗 BCSL-063     :-Operating System Concepts and Networking Management Lab 🔗 BCSP-064 :-Project Guide

Date extended to 10th Nov without late fees https://exam.ignou.ac.in/

TENTATIVE DATE SHEET FOR DECEMBER, 2023 TEE Released date:- 19th/October/2023 It's not a Finel TEE Exam DateSheet Morning (10:00 AM - 01:00 PM) Evening (02:00 PM - 05:00 PM) 1st Semester :- 16/12/2023 Sat   - FEG02 (Evening) 18/12/2023 Mon - BCS011 (Morning) 20/12/2023 Wed - BCS012 (Morning) 03/01/2024 Wed - ECO01 (Morning) BCSL013 viva After TEE Exam 2nd Semester :- 07/12/2023 Thu - MCS011 (Evening) 08/12/2023 Fri - MCS012 (Evening) 09/12/2023 Sat - MCS013 (Evening) 12/12/2023 Tue - MCS015 (Evening) 22/12/2023 Fri - ECO02  (Evening) 3rd Semester :- 09/12/2023 Sat - BCS031 (Morning) 23/12/2023 Sat - MCS023 (Evening) 04/01/2024 Thu - MCS014 (Evening) 06/01/2024 Sat - MCS021 (Evening) 4th Semester :- 11/12/2023 Mon - BCS040 (Morning) 12/12/2023 Tue - BCS041 (Morning) 13/12/2023 wed - BCS042 (Morning) 26/12/2023 Tue - MCS024 (Evening) 5th Semester :- 14/12/2023 Thu - BCS051 (Morning) 23/12/2023 Sat - BCS052 (Morning) 26/12/2023 Tue - BCS053 (Morning) 27/12/2023 Wed - BCS054 (Morning) 28/12/2023 Thu - BCS055 (Morning) 6th Semester :- 14/12/2023 Thu - MCS022 (Evening) 29/12/2023 Fri - BCS062 (Evening) For notes :- @BcaNotesbot

EXAMINATION FORM FOR DECEMBER 2023 TEE Last date to Apply Online for TEE December 2023 is 22nd October 2023 without late fee. Link -: https://exam.ignou.ac.in/

TEE Tentative Datesheet July-Dec 23 Session; ~Morning (10:00 AM - 01:00 PM), ~Evening (02:00 PM - 05:00 PM), • 1st Semester :- 14/12/23 Thu - FEG02 (Evening) 15/12/23 Fri - BCS-011 (Morning) 18/12/23 Mon - BCS012 (Morning) 01/01/24 Mon - ECO01 (Morning) • 2nd Semester :- 05/12/23 Tue - MCS011 (Evening) 06/12/23 Wed - MCS012 (Evening) 07/12/23 Thu - MCS013 (Evening) 09/12/23 Sat - MCS015 (Evening) 20/12/23 Wed - ECO02 (Evening) • 3rd Semester :- 07/12/23 Thu - BCS031 (Morning) 21/12/23 Thu - MCS023 (Evening) 02/01/24 Tue - MCS014 (Evening) 04/01/24 Thu - MCS021 (Evening) • 4th Semester :- 08/12/23 Fri - BCS040 (Morning) 09/12/23 Sat - BCS041 (Morning) 11/12/23 Mon - BCS042 (Morning) 22/12/23 Fri - MCS024 (Evening) • 5th Semester :- 12/12/23 Tue - BCS051 (Morning) 21/12/23 Thu - BCS052 (Morning) 22/12/23 Fri - BCS053 (Morning) 23/12/23 Sat - BCS054 (Morning) 26/12/23 Tue - BCS055 (Morning) • 6th Semester :- 12/12/23 Tue - MCS022 (Evening) 27/12/23 Wed - BCS062 (Evening)