PHYSIOLOGY HUBs

150.Explanation Correct Answer - C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Sertoli cells Antimullerian hormone or Mullerian inhibiting substance is secreted by sertoli cells. Join @PHYSIOLOGYhubs

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149.Explanation Correct Answer - C Ans. is `c' i.e., Tubulin Join @PHYSIOLOGYhubs

148.Explanation Correct Answer - C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Facter VII Join @PHYSIOLOGYhubs

146.Explanation Correct Answer - B Ans. is 'b' i.e., Olfactory bulb The sensory receptors for olfaction (smell) are located in the olfactory mucous membrane. In human, the olfactory mucous membrane (olfactory neuroepithelium) located in the roof of the nasal cavity near the septum. Because of its location high in the nasal cavity, the olfactory mucosa is not directly exposed to the flow of inspired air entering the nose. The olfactory mucosa contains olfactory receptors. The olfactory receptors are unique in that the receptor cell itself is a neuron. The olfactory receptor cell has cilia projecting in the nasal mucosa which act as receptor for olfaction (These are dendrites of neuron/receptor cells). The axons of olfactory neuron (olfactory receptor cells) form olfactory nerve which passes through cribriform plate and terminates in the olfactory bulb. In olfactory bulb axons of olfactory nerve synapse with dendrides of mitral cells to form the olfactory glomeruli. Mitral cells are the principal output neurons of olfactory bulb and their axons form the olfactory tract. The olfactory bulb also contains periglomerular cells, which are inhibitory neurons and granule cells which have no synapse and make reciprocal synapses with mital and tufted cells. Like the taste fibers, olfactory tract also projects to the primitive partsof the brain as well as the neocortex. The projections to the primitive parts are principally to the pyriform area (olfactory cortex), amygdala and entorhinal cortex, which in turn projects to the hippocampus. The pathway to the neocortex involves a relay in the olfactory tubercle, and then in the thalamus, the output of which projects to the orbitofrontal cortex. Join @PHYSIOLOGYhubs

145.Explanation Correct Answer - C Ans. is 'c' i.e., cGMP Join @PHYSIOLOGYhubs

144.Explanation Correct Answer - B Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pain & temperature Pain and temperature are primarily appreciated by the thalamus. For other forms of sensation, the thalamus is unable to analyze the details of sensations. Fibers carrying tactile and proprioceptive information ascend through the thalamocortical pathway to area 3 of primary somatic sensory cortex through the thalamic radiation. Therefore, if the somatosensory cortex is removed, tactile sensations and proprioceptions are lost, but pain and temperature sensations persist. Join @PHYSIOLOGYhubs

143.Explanation Correct Answer - B Ans. is 'b' i.e., Motilin Migratory motor complex (MMC) The gastric antrum shows bursts of propulsive (peristalitic) muscular activity every 90 minutes. The activity is conducted along the entire length of the small intestine, from stomach to distal ileum, at a rate of about 5 cm per minute. As soon as the activity reaches the terminal ileum, a new wave begins in the stomach. The purpose of MMC is to clear the stomach and small intestine of luminal contents in preparation for the next meal. The MMCs are initiated by motilin Join @PHYSIOLOGYhubs

142.Explanation Correct Answer - D Ans. is 'd' i.e., Hypothyroidism Physiological effects of Growth hormone Growth hormone has two major action, i.e., (1) Stimulation of skeletal growth, and (2) Regulation of metabolism. 3) Stimulation of skeletal growth The effect of GH on skeletal growth is mediated by somatomedins (Insulin-like growth factors : IGF). They are synthesized mainly in the liver. The growth promoting action of somatomedins is helped by their insulin like actions. GH, through somatomedin (IGF-1), stimulates proliferation of chondrocytes and osteocytes resulting in increased deposition of chondroitin sulfate in catilage and increased ossification of the newly formed cartilage. GH deficiency in early life causes dwarfism (small height). GH excess in early life leads to gigantism, whereas growth hormone excess in adulthood results in acromegaly. 2) Regulation of metabolism Protein metabolism : - GH has predominantly anabolic effects on skeletal and cardiac muscle where it promotes amino acid transport into cells and increase protein synthesis. Carbohydrate and fat metabolism : - The effects of GH on carbohydrate and fat metabolism are complicated by the fact that GH has anti-insulin effects, whereas somatomedins it produces haveinsulin like effects:- i) Anti-insulin effects due to direct effect of GH include decreased peripheral utilization of glucose, increased gluconeogenesis, hyperglycemia, and lipolysis. Due to its anti-insulin effects GH excess can cause insulin resistant diabetes mellitus. ii) Insulin like effects due to somatomedins (IGF) include antilipolytic activity, and other insulin like effects. Join @PHYSIOLOGYhubs