اکنون در دسترس! پژوهش تلگرام ۲۰۲۵ — مهمترین بینشهای سال 
3 996
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+124 ساعت
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آرشیو پست ها
3 996
22. Compare acid vs alkali burns.
Answer:
Acid: Coagulates proteins → limits penetration
Alkali: Deep penetration → more severe damage
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21. State the most important prognostic factor in chemical burns.
Answer:
Speed and adequacy of irrigation.
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20. Outline management of chemical burns of the eye.
Answer:
Immediate irrigation (15–30 min)
Remove particles
Antibiotic drops
Topical steroids
Lubricants and vitamin C
Surgical options in severe cases
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19. Enumerate complications of open globe injury.
Answer:
Permanent vision loss
Loss of eye
Endophthalmitis
Sympathetic ophthalmia
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18. Outline treatment of open globe injury.
Answer:
Urgent stabilization
Analgesia
Systemic antibiotics
Urgent surgical repair
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17. Enumerate clinical features of open globe injury.
Answer:
Deformed eye with fluid loss
Prolapsed uvea
Decreased vision
Afferent pupillary defect
Distorted pupil
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16. Define open globe injury.
Answer:
Full-thickness laceration or perforation of the ocular wall.
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15. Give an account of treatment of orbital floor fracture.
Answer:
Stabilization
Antibiotics, steroids, nasal decongestants
Avoid nose blowing
Surgery if persistent diplopia or enophthalmos
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13. List causes of diplopia in orbital floor fracture.
Answer:
Edema and hemorrhage
Muscle entrapment
Direct muscle injury
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12. Enumerate clinical features of orbital floor fracture.
Answer:
Periocular ecchymosis, edema
Infraorbital nerve anesthesia
Diplopia
Enophthalmos (late)
Subcutaneous emphysema
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11. Explain mechanism of orbital floor fracture.
Answer:
Sudden increase in orbital pressure from blunt object (>5 cm, e.g., fist/ball).
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10. Define orbital floor (blowout) fracture.
Answer:
Fracture of the orbital floor causing herniation of orbital contents.
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9. Outline prognosis of commotio retinae.
Answer:
Usually resolves within 3–4 weeks
Requires follow-up due to risk of retinal detachment
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8. Enumerate clinical features of commotio retinae.
Answer:
Decreased vision after hours
Fundoscopy: retinal whitening and swelling
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7. Define commotio retinae.
Answer:
Traumatic edema of the retina/macula following ocular contusion.
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6. Enumerate posterior segment complications of blunt trauma.
Answer:
Vitreous hemorrhage
Retinal detachment or breaks
Macular hole
Optic neuropathy
Choroidal rupture
Commotio retinae
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5. Enumerate anterior segment complications of blunt trauma.
Answer:
Hyphema
Lens dislocation (anterior)
Traumatic cataract
Iridodialysis
Traumatic iridocyclitis
Secondary glaucoma
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4. List corneal and scleral findings in blunt trauma.
Answer:
Cornea: Abrasion, edema, partial laceration, blood staining
Sclera: Partial thickness laceration
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3. Enumerate eyelid and conjunctival findings in blunt trauma.
Answer:
Eyelid: Ecchymosis, hematoma, ptosis, wounds, surgical emphysema
Conjunctiva: Abrasion, chemosis, subconjunctival hemorrhage, laceration
