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■Hypoglossal (CN XII) ▪︎Physical Exams -Inspect tongue for signs of atrophy, fasciculations, asymmetry of movement and strength, lateral deviation with protrusion ▪︎Signs/Symptoms of Defcit -Wasting of ipsilateral tongue muscles and deviation to ipsilateral side on protrusion

Cranial Nerve Examination and Associated Defcits ■Olfactory (CN I) ▪︎Physical Exams -Odour sensation: test each nostril separately ▪︎Signs/Symptoms of Defcit -Anosmia(can be associated with loss of taste) ■Optic (CN II) ▪︎Physical Exams -Visual acuity: test each eye individually; best corrected vision -Test visual felds: peripheral visual felds (counting fngers, white pin), central visual feld, and blind spot (red pin) -Assess pupils: direct and consensual pupillary reaction (aferent component), swinging fashlight test (for RAPD) -Fundoscopy: optic disc edema and pallor, venous pulsations, hemorrhages -Colour vision testing (Ishihara plates) ▪︎Signs/Symptoms of Defcit -Central vision loss, peripheral vision loss, absence of light refexes, RAPD, enlarged blind spot, colour desaturation (especially red) ■Oculomotor (CN III) ▪︎Physical Exams -Assess extraocular movements and nystagmus -Assess pupils: direct and consensual pupillary reaction (efferent component), size and shape -Accommodation refex and saccadic eye movements -Test for ptosis (levator palpebrae superioris) ▪︎Signs/Symptoms of Defcit -Eye deviation (e.g. one eye deviated down and out), ophthalmoparesis, ptosis, can demonstrate mydriasis ■Trochlear (CN IV) ▪︎Physical Exams -Test movement of superior oblique muscle ▪︎Signs/Symptoms of Defcit -Vertical diplopia, may tilt head towards unafected side (Bielschowsky head tilt test), afected eye cannot turn inward and downward ■Trigeminal (CN V) ▪︎Physical Exams -Test sensation above supraorbital ridge (V1), maxilla or cheeks (V2), mandible (V3) -Test corneal refex (aferent limb) -Assess motor function: temporalis, masseter, pterygoids, jaw jerk reflex ▪︎Signs/Symptoms of Defcit -Ipsilateral facial sensory abnormality and absent corneal refex on stimulation ipsilaterally,weakness and wasting of muscles of mastication, deviation of open jaw to ipsilateral side, trigeminal neuralgia ■Abducens (CN VI) ▪︎Physical Exams -Test movement of lateral rectus muscle ▪︎Signs/Symptoms of Defcit Horizontal diplopia, esotropia (convergent strabismus), and abductor paralysis of ipsilateral eye,leading to difculty looking laterally with diplopia ■Facial (CN VII) ▪︎Physical Exams -Test muscles of facial expression -Test corneal refex (eferent limb) -Visceral sensory nerve function to anterior 2/3 of the tongue -Visceral motor nerve function to salivary and lacrimal glands ▪︎Signs/Symptoms of Defcit -LMN lesion = ipsilateral facial weakness, involving forehead -UMN lesion = contralateral facial weakness, sparing the forehead -Loss of lacrimation, decreased salivation, dry mouth,loss of taste to anterior 2/3 of the tongue ipsilaterally, hyperacusis ■Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) ▪︎Physical Exams -Vestibular function: nystagmus, caloric refexes -Cochlear function: whisper test, Rinne test, Weber test ▪︎Signs/Symptoms of Defcit -Vertigo, disequilibrium, nystagmus, sensorineural hearing loss ■Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) ▪︎Physical Exams -Assess vocal cord function (phonation) and gag refex (aferent limb) -Assess taste to posterior third of the tongue (bitter and sour taste) ▪︎Signs/Symptoms of Defcit -Dysarthria, dysphonia -Loss of taste in posterior third of ipsilateral tongue, loss of gag refex, dysphagia -Unilateral lesion is rare ■Vagus (CN X) ▪︎Physical Exams -Assess vocal cord function: guttural (“ga”) and palatal (“ka”) articulation -Assess gag refex (eferent limb) -Observe uvula deviation and palatal elevation -Assess swallowing ▪︎Signs/Symptoms of Defcit -Loss of gag refex, dysphagia, hoarse voice, paralysis of soft palate (failed elevation), deviation of uvula to contralateral side of lesion, anesthesia of pharynx and larynx ipsilaterally ■Accessory (CN XI) ▪︎Physical Exams -Assess strength of trapezius (shoulder shrug) and sternocleidomastoid muscles (head turn) ▪︎Signs/Symptoms of Defcit -Ipsilateral shoulder shrug weakness and turning head to opposite side

CONCISE EXERCISE THERAPY📚 ROSHAN MEENA📘📗📖 DOWNLOAD PDF:-🖇📍🖇

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Title: Knee Strengthening Exercises Introduction: Knee strengthening exercises are essential for maintaining joint health, preventing injuries, and improving overall mobility and stability. Whether you're recovering from an injury or looking to enhance athletic performance, incorporating these exercises into your routine can benefit people of all ages and fitness levels. 1. Quad Strengthening: - Straight Leg Raises: Lie on your back, bend one knee, and keep the other leg straight. Lift the straight leg to the level of the bent knee, then lower it slowly. Repeat on both legs. - Wall Squats: Stand with your back against a wall, feet shoulder-width apart. Slowly lower yourself into a squat position, keeping your knees aligned with your ankles. Hold for a few seconds, then return to standing. 2. Hamstring Strengthening: - Hamstring Curls: Lie face down on a mat with your legs fully extended. Bend one knee and bring your heel towards your buttocks, then slowly lower it back down. Repeat on both legs. - Swiss Ball Leg Curls: Lie on your back with your feet on a Swiss ball. Lift your hips off the ground and roll the ball towards your buttocks using your feet, then extend your legs again. 3. Glute Strengthening: - Bridges: Lie on your back with your knees bent and feet flat on the ground. Lift your hips towards the ceiling, squeezing your glutes at the top. Lower back down and repeat. - Clamshells: Lie on your side with your knees bent and hips stacked. Keeping your feet together, open your top knee as far as you can without rotating your hips. Slowly return to the starting position. 4. Calf Strengthening: - Calf Raises: Stand with your feet hip-width apart and rise up onto your toes, then slowly lower back down. You can do this exercise on flat ground or on a step for added difficulty. - Seated Calf Raises: Sit on a chair with your feet flat on the ground. Lift your heels as high as you can, then lower them back down. 5. Balance and Stability: - Single Leg Balance: Stand on one leg with your knee slightly bent, and hold the position for as long as you can. Switch legs and repeat. - Bosu Ball Exercises: Perform squats, lunges, or other exercises while standing on a Bosu ball to challenge your balance and stability. Conclusion: Incorporating knee strengthening exercises into your fitness routine can help improve joint health, prevent injuries, and enhance overall performance. Remember to start slowly, focus on proper form, and gradually increase the intensity as your strength improves. Consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new exercise program, especially if you have existing knee issues.