اکنون در دسترس! پژوهش تلگرام ۲۰۲۵ — مهمترین بینشهای سال 
Business Studies Class 11 12 CUET Notes
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STRIDE School of Business is India’s first AI-native business school.
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STRIDE School of Business is India’s first AI-native business school.
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What you get:
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| 9 | ✅Advantages of Computerized Accounting System
➖ The accounts developed by computers are accurate, uniformed, clear, and comprehensive.
➖ It saves time and increases the efficiency of the employees.
➖ The computer prepares the account and records in no time with accuracy.
➖ Computerized accounting minimizes boredom of doing monotonous accounting jobs.
➖ With the help of accounting software, an individual can easily access data securely outside the office as well. The best example would be internet banking, booking tickets, etc.
➖ The financial statements arranged by computers are so precise and accurate that anybody can rely on the report.
➖ The accounting software makes the whole process simpler and faster to prepare an account.
✅Disadvantages of Computerized Accounting System
➖ The accuracy of the end report entirely depends on the input of the information.
➖ Sometime the incompetent and biased employees may alter the data.
➖ It is expensive.
➖ There is a cybersecurity threat and it might hinder the whole saved data.
➖ Too much of the input on the computer might slow down the operating system and affect the work process.
✅Types of Accounting Softwares
➖ Ready-to-use Softwares – It is cheap and fit for small enterprises which has less accounting transactions and a low user base. However, such software is less secure and easily subject to risks. This software doesn’t require any specialised training.
➖ Customized Softwares – The software is customizable to satisfy the customer’s requirement and fit for medium and large firms. The software is costly as well as its training, but a company can use it for a various information system. It is more secure as compare to ready-to-use software.
➖ Tailored Softwares – It is suitable for big companies that have many divisions and scattered geographically. The cost is extremely high and requires specialized training to utilise the software. The software is highly secure. | 440 |
| 10 | ✅Features of Income and Expenditure Account
➖Income and expenditure account presented by non-trading entities are much like the profit and loss a/c presented by trading entities.
➖It is prepared by stringently following the fundamentals of the double-entry system of bookkeeping or accounting.
➖It is always prepared during the end of the period which normally comprises of 1 year.
➖It decides the surplus or deficit of income over expends of the non-trading entities for the particular year.
➖The surplus or deficit from the income and expenditure account is moved to the capital fund a/c.
➖The Income and expenditure account of only revenue nature are incorporated in this account. Any income and expenditure of capital nature are not comprehended.
➖It is prepared by accountants chosen by the enterprise’s management and is audited by an independent auditor.
➖It does not begin with the opening balance, and it follows back the incomes received and expenditures incurred by the non-trading entities during the financial year.
➖The accumulated or accrual concept of accounting is rigidly pursued when it is prepared. | 302 |
| 11 | ✅What is Reserve in Balance Sheet:
A reserve is a retained earnings secured by a company to strengthen a company’s financial position, clear debt & credits, buy fixed assets, company expansion, legal requirements, investment and other plans. These are usually done to save the cash from being used in other purposes. Reserve funds do not have any legal restrictions so that the company can use it for any purpose. For instance: Let’s consider company ABC has to suspend one of its products and release refunds to its buyers over the periods of six months.
To make sure that the company has enough money to give refunds, a balance sheet reserve of ₹1,00,000 is created. As customers demand refunds, Company ABC reduces the ₹1,00,000 reserve. Especially insurance companies regularly create balance sheet reserves to make sure they have sufficient funds to pay out claims. The reserves usually meet the expense of applications that have been registered but not yet paid. Balance sheet reserves are registered as liabilities on the balance sheet. | 295 |
| 12 | ♻️ Features of Balance Sheet:
➖It is regarded as the last step in final accounts creation
➖It is a statement and not an account
➖It consists of transactions recorded under two sides namely, assets and liabilities. Assets are placed in the left hand side, while the liabilities are placed on the right hand side
➖The total of both side should always be equal
➖The balance sheet discloses financial position of the business
➖It is prepared after trading and profit and loss account is prepared.
♻️ Importance of Balance Sheet:
➖Creditors, investors, and other stakeholders use this financial tool to know the financial status of a business.
➖It is used to analyse a company’s growth by comparing different years.
➖While applying for a business loan, a company has to submit a balance sheet to the bank.
➖Stakeholders can find out the business accomplishment and liquidity position of a company.
➖Company’s balance sheet analysis can detect business expansion and future expenses. | 314 |
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| 20 | 📣 Important Questions Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 11 - Marketing
➡️ What is the level of channel starting from producer to retailer to a consumer?
Answer: One level channel
➡️ How does labelling act as a silence salesman?
Answer: Labelling act as a silence salesman because it attracts the customer by providing the necessary information. It acts as a promotional tool.
➡️ ‘Though branding adds to the cost, it gives many advantages to the customers’. Mention three advantages of branding.
Answer: The three advantages of branding are mentioned below.
⏺ Product Identification– Encourages customers to identify the product.
⏺ Guarantees Quality- Ensures quality and builds trust.
⏺ Builds Status- A good branding becomes the status symbol for a company.
➡️ Mention a few characteristics a good brand name should have.
Answer: Few characteristics that a good brand should have are as follows.
⏺ Easy spell, short, and recognizable.
⏺ Unique from another brand.
⏺ Suggest product qualities and benefits.
⏺ Handy to accommodate the new product.
⏺ Adaptable to packing and labeling.
⏺ Adaptable in different languages and advertising media.
➡️ Explain different factors that affect the fixation of the price of a product?
Answer: The different factors that affect the fixation of the price of a product are.
⏺ Good cost
⏺ The scope of the competition in the market
⏺ Demand and Utility
⏺ Legal and government regulation
⏺ Pricing goals
⏺ Marketing tools and method used
➡️ Explain four factors that determine the cost of a product.
Answer: The four factors that determine the cost of a product are as follows:
⏺ Cost of Product- It is the main factor that determines the price of a product. The factor is divided into three types.
a) Fixed Cost- The cost price which remains constant at distinct levels of output manufactured by a firm is referred to as Fixed Cost. They are not influenced by the momentary fluctuations in the pursuit levels of the establishment. Example, cost of machinery.
b) Variable Cost- The cost which differs with the changes in the amount of output manufactured is referred to as Variable Cost. They are directly influenced by the fluctuations in the level of activities of the firm. Example, raw materials.
c) Semi-variable Cost- Like variable cost, this costs change in different levels of output but not in the direct promotion. Examples, Commission paid to mediators.
⏺ Demand for the Product- This is the second factor that determines the price of the goods. It is divided into two factors:
a) Elastic Demand- The demand is said to be elastic when the price or other factors have a huge influence on the buying behaviour of the consumer. In this scene, the high price leads to a decrease in demand for a product.
b) InElastic Demand-The demand is said to be inelastic when there is no change in the demand for a product in spite of the fall or rise in its price.
⏺ Competition in the Market- If there is high competition in the market, the rise in price might change the demand for the product. So, for a company, it is not feasible to raise the cost of a product where the competition level is too high.
⏺ Government Regulation- Sometimes the government decides the cost of a particular product. For example, prices for agricultural products rice, wheat, etc. | 938 |
