UPSC CSE Why

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@CSEWhy Times – Nov 03, 2025

Pre & Mains Notes

1. Cloud Seeding in Winters to Reduce Pollution: Scientifically Flawed Approach What happened: Delhi’s recurring pollution crisis has reignited debates over cloud seeding as a quick-fix solution. Recent experiments aimed to disperse smog by inducing artificial rain using chemicals like silver iodide or sodium chloride. Why it matters: Experts argue that cloud seeding in winter is “bad science”; it requires hygroscopic clouds (rare during winter months) and suitable atmospheric conditions. Its success rate in northern India is below 10%. Data point: Delhi’s AQI touched 400 (Severe) on Sunday morning. Vehicle emissions alone contribute over 40% of Delhi’s PM2.5 levels. Impact: Even if cloud seeding produces light drizzle, it offers short-lived relief: PM levels rebound within a day. Experts call for structural, year-round actions like EV transition, traffic reform, and air quality governance instead of such symbolic interventions. 2. 8th Pay Commission – Terms of Reference Cleared What happened: The Centre approved the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the Eighth Central Pay Commission, paving the way for salary and pension revisions for 50 lakh government employees and 69 lakh pensioners, effective January 1, 2026. Why it matters: The new ToR includes an added mandate to evaluate the unfunded cost of non-contributory pension schemes, reflecting ongoing demands for restoring the Old Pension Scheme (OPS). Impact: The decision strengthens central employees’ welfare but pressures fiscal management. States following the Centre’s model may face higher long-term pension liabilities. 3. Are Social Media Platforms Dying a Slow Death? What happened: Digital theorists have coined the term “enshittification” to describe the decline in user experience across major social media platforms like X, Facebook, and YouTube, as monetisation and algorithmic manipulation erode trust. Why it matters: Platforms prioritising ad revenue and engagement over authenticity have created cluttered, manipulative digital spaces. Users now face diminished reach, algorithmic bias, and declining satisfaction. Data point: The term was popularised in 2022 by Cory Doctorow, highlighting how “enshittification” is a deliberate, profit-driven process that can be reversed by user resistance and regulatory checks. Impact: Growing discontent signals a global push for ethical tech, decentralised social media, and regulatory scrutiny over algorithmic manipulation. 4. Auditory Fusion – When Sounds Merge Together What happened: Scientists explained auditory fusion, the brain’s tendency to merge two closely spaced sounds into one when the time gap between them is too short for separate perception. Why it matters: It helps understand how humans process speech, music, and echoes; critical for audio compression, sound engineering, and building acoustically optimised spaces. Data point: The fusion threshold for distinct sound recognition is typically 2–3 milliseconds for short sounds, and 5–10 milliseconds for complex tones. Impact: Research aids AI-based sound processing, speech recognition, and concert hall acoustics — enhancing clarity and auditory realism. 5. El Salvador Battles Invasive Water Lettuce What happened: Workers are removing water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) from the El Cerron Grande reservoir in El Salvador, where the invasive species has disrupted navigation and fishing. Why it matters: The plant’s explosive growth has suffocated aquatic ecosystems, blocked sunlight, and depleted oxygen, threatening local biodiversity.

@CSEWhy Newspaper Recos

Indian Express🗞 1. Looming scarcity of Urea (read carefully, note trend in tables) 2. Restraint has a half-life (on ongoing nuclear drama) 3. Red corridor to green shoots (GS3: Internal Security) The Hindu 📰 1. Engage Taliban, don't recognize them! (must read) 2. Welfare dependency or governance reform? Subscribe to my Free CA blog with JUST your email at blog.csewhy.com

We are the Champions❤️❤️

@CSEWhy Times – Nov 02, 2025

@CSEWhy Newspaper Recos

Indian Express🗞 No reco today The Hindu 📰 1. Bastar rising beyond its scars (Update from CM) 2. How do scam hubs in Southeast Asia operate? (Read with map) 3. How is Australia setting standards on training AI? (Must read) 4. Between funds and ideology (On KL stance on PM SHRI Scheme adoption)

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UPSC ka craze prep ke day 1 jaisa hai abhi bhi?

@CSEWhy Times – Nov 01, 2025

Pre & Mains Notes

1. Legal Battle over MGNREGS in Bengal What happened: The Supreme Court cleared the way for resuming the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in West Bengal after a 3.5-year suspension. The Centre had halted funds since March 2022 citing non-compliance with MGNREGA directives. Why it matters: The verdict marks a significant setback for the Union Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) and could revive rural employment in West Bengal. It also signals the judiciary’s stance on limiting executive overreach in welfare fund suspensions. Data point: Before suspension, West Bengal provided 51–80 lakh families with annual wage employment (2014–15 to 2021–22). Pending rural development funds are estimated at ₹13,965–18,000 crore. Impact: Resumption will aid rural livelihoods, enhance Centre–state fiscal cooperation, and re-establish accountability mechanisms for welfare delivery. However, procedural steps such as clearing the labour budget and fulfilling compliance remain before full rollout.

@CSEWhy Newspaper Recos

Indian Express🗞 1. Multilateralism, after the UN (interesting pov in post UN World) 2. Decoding India's projected GDP (GS3 Eco) The Hindu 📰 No reco today

@CSEWhy Times – Oct 31, 2025

Pre & Mains Notes

1. India, Russian Oil, and the Looming Secondary Sanctions Threat What happened: Following U.S. sanctions on Russian oil giants Rosneft and Lukoil, Indian refiners such as IOC, Reliance Industries, and HPCL-Mittal Energy have indicated plans to scale back or suspend Russian oil imports to comply with international guidelines. Why it matters: Secondary sanctions — targeting entities doing business with already-sanctioned firms — threaten India’s refining sector, which imports over one-third of its oil from Russia, complicating energy security and trade balances. Data point: In April–September 2024, Russian crude made up 21% of India’s import basket; by 2025, Russia was projected to account for 35% of imports. Impact: India may face a short-term hit to refinery operations and oil trade flexibility, pushing refiners to diversify sources while maintaining compliance with global financial systems. 2. U.S. Set to Restart Nuclear Tests What happened: The U.S. military has been ordered to prepare for renewed nuclear testing — the first since 1992 — citing strategic concerns over Russia and China’s activities and modernisation of nuclear arsenals. Why it matters: A return to nuclear testing would undermine decades of arms control norms under the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), risking escalation of a new global nuclear arms race. Data point: Since 1945, over 2,000 nuclear tests have occurred globally — 1,032 by the U.S. and 715 by the Soviet Union. Impact: If carried out, the move could destabilise international non-proliferation regimes and further strain U.S.–Russia–China relations amid renewed geopolitical tensions. 3. What Will Power AI Data Centres? What happened: The global surge in AI adoption has sharply increased power demands from data centres, leading to renewed interest in low-carbon and alternative energy sources like Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). Why it matters: AI workloads require up to 4–5 times more electricity than conventional computing, pushing governments and firms to innovate around cleaner, high-efficiency energy technologies. Data point: India’s data centre capacity, currently ~1 GW, is expected to quadruple by 2030; global demand may hit 35 GW by mid-decade. Impact: Wider AI infrastructure expansion could accelerate renewable energy integration but also intensify regulatory and environmental challenges around energy supply and emissions. 4. AI’s Energy Future: Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) What happened: Nuclear research and policy bodies in the U.S. and EU are promoting SMRs — compact, factory-built reactors — as a reliable, low-carbon energy source for powering high-demand AI and data infrastructure. Why it matters: SMRs could address the dual challenge of growing energy demand and decarbonisation targets, offering distributed power generation for critical industries. Data point: Each SMR typically generates 300 MW or less and can be installed near industrial or urban centres with lower safety risks. Impact: Successful deployment could make SMRs a key tool in balancing tech-driven energy growth with sustainable, secure power systems.

@CSEWhy Newspaper Recos

Indian Express🗞 1. Two Superpowers (read for G2) 2. The debt we owe Sardar Patel (must read) 3. Long shadow of 'jungle raj' (read for awareness) The Hindu 📰 1. AI rewriting rules of education (basic awareness) 2. Language belongs to a different realm (basic awareness) 3. What will power AI data centres? (MUST READ)

@CSEWhy Times – Oct 30, 2025

Pre & Mains Notes

1. SC Reiterates Minors’ Property Rights What happened: The Supreme Court reaffirmed that minors can repudiate property sales made by their guardians without court approval upon attaining majority, even without filing a formal suit. Why it matters: The judgment upholds a century-old precedent, reinforcing legal protection for minors’ property and setting clear procedural guidance under the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act. Data point: The ruling, by Justices Pankaj Mithal and Prasanna B Varale, aligns with Section 8 of the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act and the Limitation Act, 1963, which allows three years post-majority for repudiation. Impact: The decision strengthens safeguards against unauthorized property transfers involving minors, reinforcing parental accountability and judicial oversight in such transactions. 2. IndiGo, Air India Support Govt’s Restrained Policy on Foreign Airline Access What happened: IndiGo and Air India backed the government’s decision to limit new bilateral air service agreements with countries hosting global aviation hubs like UAE and Qatar. Why it matters: The stance aims to protect Indian carriers’ investments and prevent market dilution from major foreign airlines dominating international routes. Data point: Air India’s CEO said the airline incurred ₹4,000 crore losses due to Pakistan airspace closure, underscoring regional operational challenges. Impact: India’s selective liberalisation approach may help domestic airlines expand sustainably, positioning them better in global aviation markets. 3. Dutch Elections: Third Vote in Five Years What happened: The Netherlands heads to polls amid political instability after the collapse of Prime Minister Mark Rutte’s coalition. Right-wing leader Geert Wilders’ Party for Freedom (PVV) leads early polls. Why it matters: The frequent elections reflect deep fragmentation in Dutch politics over issues like immigration and cost-of-living, impacting EU’s internal stability. Data point: Parties need 70,000 votes to win a seat in the 150-member House of Representatives; 26 parties are contesting this election. Impact: Results will shape the Netherlands’ immigration and EU policy direction, influencing right-wing politics across Europe. 4. DDA’s East Delhi Hub: India’s First Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) What happened: Delhi Development Authority launched registration for East Delhi Hub in Karkardooma — India’s first transit-oriented development project focused on integrating residential, commercial, and civic spaces with transport hubs. Why it matters: The project aims to reduce car dependency and pollution by promoting compact, mixed-use, and pedestrian-friendly urban design. Data point: Spread across 30 hectares, the project will include 4,526 housing units, of which 288 are for EWS; registration for 1,026 flats begins October 31. Impact: The TOD model could redefine sustainable urban planning in Indian cities, though concerns remain over affordability and alignment with true TOD principles.

@CSEWhy Newspaper Recos

Indian Express🗞 1. With Kabul, be moral, realistic (Shashi Tharoor pov) 2. Foreign capital & Indian banks (imp. read; PYQs seen on this topic) The Hindu 📰 1. An amended Constitution bill, its contentious issues (coming from a former DGP) 2. Norway & India: Green maritime partners (IR topic focused on Scandinavia) 3. How are cyclones formed and how are they measured? (quick read for revision) 4. What's China's complaint against India at WTO? (quick read for awareness)

@CSEWhy Times – Oct 29, 2025

Pre & Mains Notes

1. Row Over PM-SHRI Schools Scheme What happened: Kerala’s CPI(M)-led LDF government agreed to implement the PM-SHRI scheme after earlier opposing it, signing an MoU with the Centre to upgrade state schools. Why it matters: The move marks a political U-turn for Kerala and highlights the Centre–state tension over education policy alignment under NEP 2020. Data point: 13,070 schools have been selected under PM-SHRI; funds are shared in a 60:40 ratio between Centre and states. Impact: Kerala will now receive central funds under Samagra Shiksha, potentially improving school infrastructure and learning outcomes. 2. U.S. Suspends SNAP – The Federal Food Aid Programme What happened: From November 1, the U.S. Department of Agriculture paused SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) benefits for several immigrants amid eligibility rule changes. Why it matters: The decision affects thousands of low-income families and immigrants dependent on federal food assistance, drawing political backlash. Data point: Over 41 million Americans benefit from SNAP, which costs the government about $119 billion annually. Impact: The suspension could worsen food insecurity among vulnerable groups and deepen partisan divisions in U.S. welfare policy. 3. Amazon Cloud Outage Hits Global Services What happened: An outage at AWS’s U.S.-East-1 data center disrupted over 2,000 platforms, including ChatGPT, Signal, and Roblox, for several hours. Why it matters: It exposed the risks of global overdependence on a few hyperscale cloud providers like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud. Data point: Previous AWS outages in 2021 cost S&P companies over $150 million; AWS hosts 60% of cloud-dependent firms. Impact: The incident has reignited debates on cloud diversification and digital infrastructure resilience worldwide. 4. India’s Diaspora Diplomacy Faces Cultural Nationalism Debate What happened: Indian diaspora events abroad; including religious and nationalist displays have sparked debates over cultural assertion and limits of soft power. Why it matters: While diaspora outreach strengthens India’s global image, overt nationalism risks alienating multicultural societies. Data point: Over 32 million Indians live abroad; remittances exceed $120 billion annually, making the diaspora central to India’s soft power. Impact: India faces the challenge of balancing cultural diplomacy with inclusivity, ensuring global engagement doesn’t mirror domestic polarization.

@CSEWhy Newspaper Recos

Indian Express🗞 1. The Chimeria challenge (miss nothing from this writer) 2. Rethink the master plan (GS1: Urbanization) 3. Your vote and the SIR (imp. read on CA) 4. Chhath Puja: What makes this festival so dear to the Purvanchali heart? (read for basic awareness) The Hindu 📰 1. The politics of EBCs in Bihar (Social Justice) 2. Setting up an early warning system for the Himalayas poses unique challenge (Science page, read for GS3 Disaster Management; take notes if you need to!) PS: Mt. Fuji ice cap is 21 days late, while few call it global warming impact, Japanese Meteorological dept is yet to confirm the reasons

Govt. 'summons' rain, how's it done? Learn!

@CSEWhy Times – Oct 28, 2025 No notes today, get set going to read & absorb more from all the recos :)!

@CSEWhy Newspaper Recos

Indian Express🗞 1. Bihar on the move (Masterpiece from NK Singh Sir) 2. A political meritocracy (away from politics, read it for organizational structure learning) The Hindu 📰 1. Big tech's contempt for Indian public health (imp. read on how MNCs see 3rd world countries) 2. Why are China's officials being expelled? (quick read to know what's happening in the neighborhood) 3. Is Dogri language losing resonance in India? (MUST READ) 4. The complicated history of US-Pak relations (important article summarizing most things you need to know!)

What all does NPCI manage other than UPI? Save this post! • BHIM • IMPS • AePS • RuPay • FASTag • e-RUPI • 123Pay • National Financial Switch (NFS) • Cheque Transaction System (CTS) RTGS & NEFT are RBI regulated/managed

If you’re to remove any 2 from UPSC, which 2 of these would you remove forever? 🤭

@CSEWhy Times – Oct 27, 2025

Pre & Mains Notes

1. Uttarakhand Plans ‘Green Cess’ for Vehicles from Outside the State What happened: Uttarakhand announced a Green Cess on vehicles entering from other states to combat air pollution, coinciding with the state’s 25th anniversary. Why it matters: The revenue will fund green infrastructure, pollution control, and smart traffic management in hill cities with rising tourist inflow. Data point: The cess aims to raise about ₹100 crore annually; road dust contributes 55% to Dehradun’s air pollution. Impact: Expected to improve AQI, encourage electric mobility, and make tourism more environmentally sustainable. 2. Foreign Varsities Coming to India – Reasons and Potential Benefits What happened: Under UGC regulations, foreign universities in the global top 100 can now set up campuses in India; UK’s Bristol and Coventry universities plan to open soon. Why it matters: It aligns with NEP 2020’s vision of globalized education and offers Indian students access to high-quality foreign degrees domestically. Data point: 17 universities have applied; tuition fees are projected at half of what UK campuses charge. Impact: Expected to boost India’s global education standing, attract foreign faculty, and reduce outbound student migration. 3. East Timor Becomes ASEAN’s 11th Member What happened: ASEAN formally admitted East Timor as its newest member during the summit in Kuala Lumpur. Why it matters: It signifies regional consolidation in Southeast Asia and offers East Timor economic and diplomatic integration. Data point: East Timor, with a population of 1.4 million, relies on oil and gas for over 90% of revenue; 42% of its citizens live below the poverty line. Impact: Membership will enable economic diversification, regional stability, and participation in ASEAN trade blocs like RCEP.

@CSEWhy Newspaper Recos

Indian Express🗞 1. Crude power play (read for awareness) 2. Make the farm atmanirbhar (must read) 3. The urban renewal we need (GS1: Urbanization) 4. Painting targets on cancer cells (AIxCancer research) 5. Tracking, rescue, detection: Which dogs are best suited for security forces (Imp. read as Indian breeds make it to security forces) The Hindu 📰 1. Winding up the clock of India-Nepal economic ties (basic awareness, pick 1-2 pointers for your notes) 2. Why has IUCN red-flagged Western Ghats? (Imp. read for environment, do note stats) 3. Problem of paddy farmers in TN (read for awareness) 4. Hanle protects its dark skies and builds a future on stargazing (for those who are interested in India's 1st Dark Sky Reserve) PS: Lot of reading recommendations today, don't miss!

@CSEWhy Times – Oct 26, 2025

Pre & Mains Notes

1. China’s Golden Monkeys Debut in Europe What happened: China sent its endangered golden snub-nosed monkeys to European zoos for the first time — three to France’s Beauval Zoo and more to Belgium’s Pairi Daiza Zoo. Why it matters: Marks a new phase of “animal diplomacy,” potentially succeeding China’s “panda diplomacy” as a tool for soft power and conservation cooperation. Data point: The exchange commemorates 60 years of China–France diplomatic ties. Impact: Enhances China’s image in conservation diplomacy and strengthens bilateral cultural-scientific partnerships. 2. Centre Announces Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar (RVP) What happened: The Centre announced the Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar — a national award system to honor 24 scientists and one team for outstanding contributions. Why it matters: Aims to institutionalize recognition for scientific excellence akin to Padma awards, fostering a culture of innovation and research. Data point: Physicist Jayant Vishnu Narlikar was posthumously awarded the Vigyan Ratna. Impact: Expected to boost morale in India’s scientific community and encourage sustained contributions to national R&D. 3. Google’s ‘Quantum Advantage’ Leap What happened: Researchers from Google, MIT, Stanford, and Caltech reported that Google’s “Willow” quantum processor outperformed the world’s second-fastest supercomputer in solving a specific optimization problem. Why it matters: Marks progress toward establishing true “quantum advantage”; where quantum computers solve problems beyond the reach of classical systems. Data point: The experiment completed in hours what classical supercomputers would take over three years to solve. Impact: Sets the stage for future breakthroughs in cryptography, data analysis, and AI, though commercial scalability remains distant.

@CSEWhy Newspaper Recos

Indian Express: None today (Sunday) The Hindu 📰 1. Governance, cybersecurity move to centerstage in AI conversations (read & take a couple of notes for your Mains Answers) 2. Have 'green' crackers brought down pollution? (read for comparison & both Mains/Interview) 3. What has the US clarified on H-1B visas? (basic awareness read)

Some images (and their title) are just a gift for UPSC aspirants; one from today's newspaper

Ladko ki income, Ladkiyo ki age aur Aspirant ke attempts kabhi nahi puchte! 😛

@CSEWhy Times – Oct 25, 2025 Fact: Iceland was a mosquito-free country, not anymore.

Pre & Mains Notes

1. Pendency Issue in Courts: Why SC Flagged Execution Petitions What happened: The Supreme Court, in an order dated October 16, called the situation in India’s lower courts “highly disappointing,” noting 8.82 lakh execution petitions pending nationwide. The court said justice delayed after decree “is a travesty.” Why it matters: Execution petitions are the final stage of a civil case, where a court order must be implemented. Prolonged delays erode faith in the judiciary, making victories meaningless for litigants. Data point: •Average civil suit disposal: 4.91 years • Average execution petition disposal: +3.97 years • Causes: Legal counsel unavailability (38.9%), court stays (17%), pending documents (12%). • Highest pendency: Bombay HC jurisdiction (3.4 lakh), followed by Madras HC (86,000). Impact: The SC has directed all High Courts to ensure disposal of pending petitions within six months, setting April 2026 for review. The order highlights systemic inefficiencies and poor enforcement mechanisms in India’s justice system. 2. Makhananomics: Politics Behind Bihar’s Makhana Push What happened: PM Narendra Modi hailed the National Makhana Board as a “revolution” in Bihar’s economy, aiming to formalize and industrialize India’s makhana (foxnut) production — 90% of which comes from Bihar. Why it matters: The push is both economic and political. Makhana is cultivated largely by the Mallah community, a backward caste that holds influence in North Bihar. The scheme aims to industrialize makhana production while strengthening BJP’s outreach to OBC voters before state elections. Data point: • Bihar: 15,000 hectares under makhana cultivation, producing nearly 10,000 tonnes. • Initial budget: ₹100 crore under National Makhana Board. • 10 lakh people involved in cultivation and processing. Impact: The initiative could improve rural livelihoods, boost exports, and add value through processing. However, experts note Bihar still lacks a robust supply chain and productivity remains low due to manual harvesting and high input costs. 3. Gyan Bharatam Mission: MoUs to Preserve India’s Manuscripts What happened: The Union Culture Ministry’s Gyan Bharatam Mission is signing MoUs with 20 institutions, including the Asiatic Society (Kolkata) and University of Kashmir, to digitise, preserve, and promote India’s manuscript heritage. Why it matters: India holds a vast collection of ancient manuscripts — many endangered. The initiative aims to build a National Digital Repository (NDR), create conservation centres, and encourage collaboration in preservation and research. Data point: • 20 institutes under two models: cluster centres and independent centres. • Focus: Digitisation, cataloguing, translation, publication, outreach. • Funds to be released in two phases — 70% upfront, 30% post-verification. Impact: The mission will strengthen cultural documentation, foster inter-institutional collaboration, and globally showcase India’s knowledge traditions. It also signals a larger move toward digital heritage diplomacy.

@CSEWhy Newspaper Recos

Indian Express🗞 1. Please mind the gap (on making India research powerhouse) 2. Persistence of political parivars (a look into India's political nepotism) The Hindu 📰 1. Trouble in soy state (soyabean agriculture in MP; GS3 Agri)

@CSEWhy Times – Oct 24, 2025

Pre & Mains Notes

1. The Growing Menace of Deepfakes and India’s AI Content Labelling Plan What happened: The Centre has proposed amendments to the IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, mandating AI-generated content labelling on social media platforms like YouTube and Instagram. Platforms will have to make users declare if their content is “synthetically generated.” Why it matters: This is India’s first concrete move to counter misinformation and deepfake videos, which have become a serious threat to elections, public figures, and media credibility. It marks a global trend of regulating generative AI content. Data point: • Label to cover at least 10% of visual or audio content duration. • Platforms must use metadata, automated detection, or watermarking to verify AI generation. • Companies like Meta and Google already use limited AI content labels. Impact: Mandatory labelling could strengthen digital accountability and curb misinformation but may pose enforcement challenges. It also puts India among the first major democracies proposing structured AI disclosure rules. 2. ‘Sanctuary’ Status for Saranda Forests: Why It Matters What happened: The Supreme Court directed the Jharkhand government to notify 314.68 sq km of the Saranda forest as a wildlife sanctuary, after repeated delays despite NGT orders since 2020. The state sought to reduce the notified area. Why it matters: Saranda is home to some of India’s finest Sal forests and critical elephant corridors. Declaring it a sanctuary could protect biodiversity from mining and deforestation pressures in one of the country’s richest iron ore zones. Data point: • Located in West Singhbhum, covering 856 sq km. • Mining accounts for 26% of India’s iron ore reserves. • Home to elephants, sloth bears, four-horned antelopes, and vulnerable tribal groups (Ho, Munda). Impact: Granting sanctuary status could balance conservation with tribal rights, but it may face pushback over livelihood restrictions. The decision reinforces judicial intervention in environmental governance and state accountability.

@CSEWhy Newspaper Recos

Indian Express🗞 1. China GDP: Twin takeaways AND China's consumption problem & why there's no easy fix (2 interesting articles on what's China doing?) The Hindu 📰 1. The UN matters, as a symbol of possibility (Shashi Tharoor on UN Day) 2. How do monsoon affect TN? (read for basic awareness) 3. Punjab's stubble burning problem declining? (Imp. for Pollution & Urbanization topics) 4. Why cloud seeding is not a solution to Delhi’s air pollution crisis? (read for counter pov)