Class 12th maths notes

💠Chemical Thermodynamics:💠 ✅Basic Terminology: ➖System- Part of the universe under investigation. ➖Open System- A system which can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings. ➖Closed System- A system which permits passage of energy but not mass, across its boundary. ➖Isolated system- A system which can neither exchange energy nor matter with its surrounding. ➖Surroundings- Part of the universe other than system, which can interact with it. ➖Boundary- Anything which separates system from surrounding. ➖State variables- The variables which are required to be defined in order to define state of any system i.e. pressure, volume, mass, temperature, surface area, etc. ➖State Functions- Property of system which depend only on the state of the system and not on the path. Example: Pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy etc. ➖Intensive properties- Properties of a system which do not depend on mass of the system i.e. temperature, pressure, density, concentration, ➖Extensive properties- Properties of a system which depend on mass of the system i.e. volume, energy, enthalpy, entropy etc. ➖Process- Path along which state of a system changes. ➖Isothermal process- Process which takes place at constant temperature ➖Isobaric process- Process which takes place at constant pressure ➖Isochoric process- Process which takes place at constant volume. ➖Adiabatic process- Process during which transfer of heat cannot take place between system and surrounding. ➖Cyclic process- Process in which system comes back to its initial state after undergoing series of changes. ➖Reversible process- Process during which the system always departs infinitesimally from the state of equilibrium i.e. its direction can be reversed at any moment. ➖Irriversible Process- This type of process is fast and gets completed in a single step. This process cannot be reversed. All the natural processes are of this type

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