MCQs || B21

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#physics111

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Habits People who stick to four healthy habits in adulthood can add more than a decade to their lives, according to a major study into the impact behavior has on lifespan. Researchers at Harvard University used lifestyle questionnaires and medical records from 123,000 volunteers to understand how much longer people lived if they followed a healthy diet, controlled their weight, took regular exercise, and did not smoke. When the scientists calculated average life expectancy, they noticed a dramatic effect from the healthy habits. Compared with people who adopted none of them, men and women who adhered to all four saw their life expectancy at 50 rise from 26 to 38 years and 29 to 43 years respectively, or an extra 12 years for men and 14 for women. “When we embarked on this study, I thought, of course, that people who adopted these habits would live longer. But the surprising thing was how huge the effect was,” said Meir Stampfer, a co-author on the study and professor of epidemiology1 and nutrition at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health. The researchers performed the analysis in the hope of understanding why the US, which spends more on healthcare as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) than any other nation, ranks 31st in the world for life expectancy at birth. According to the World Health Organization, life expectancy at birth in 2015 was 76.9 and 81.6 years old for US men and women respectively. The equivalent figures for Britain are very similar at 79.4 and 83 years old. The study, published in the journal Circulation, suggests poor lifestyle is a major factor that cuts American lives short. Only 8% of the general population followed all four healthy habits. The research focused on the US population, but Stampfer said the findings applied to the UK and much of the western world. The four healthy habits were defined as not smoking; having a body mass index between 18.5 and 25; taking at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise a day, and having a diet rich in items such as fruit, vegetables and whole grains and low in red meat, saturated fats and sugar.

F. Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.