JEE NEET PDF STUDY MATERIALS

🛑𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐜 𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐬 - Group 1 - Lina Kare Rab Se Fariyad Elements - Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Group 2 - Beta Mange Cars Saari Baap Roye Elements - Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Group 13 - Bengan, Aaloo, Gazar In Thella Elements - B, Al, Ga, In, Tl Group 14 - Chemistry Sir Gives Sanki Problems. Elements - C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb Group 15 - Nepal Pakistan Australia Sab Bikhari (No offence!!) Elements - N, P, As, Sb, Bi Group 16 - Old Style Se Tepo Elements - O, S, Se, Te, Po Group 17 - Fir Call kar Bahaar AayI Aunty Elements - F, Cl, Br, I, At Group 18 - Heena Neena Aur Kareena Xenath Rangeen Elements - He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn D blocks elements - Esi TV Corporation Mange Fir raha hein, Koi Ni Kuch nahi Janta Elements - Sc, T, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn 🅂🄷🄰🅁🄴 🅆🄸🅃🄷 🅈🄾🅄🅁 🄵🅁🄸🄴🄽🄳🅂 🤝🤝🤝 ▭▬▭▬▭▬▭▬▭▬▭▬▭▬ @pdfstudymaterialss

💫Some Gaseous Fuels ⛽️ : 🌟(a) Water gas or syn gas = CO + H2 🌟(b) Producer gas = CO + N2 🌟(c) Semi water gas = CO + N2 + H2 🌟(d) Natural gas = CH4 🌟(e) Coal gas = CO2 + CO + H2 + CH4 @pdfstudymaterialss

🎾 SOME KEY POINTS OF BIOLOGY 🎾 @pdfstudymaterialss

Reproduction in Organism @pdfstudymaterialss

Electrostats🔌🔌 Formula Sheet @pdfstudymaterialss

🌟Chemistry In Everyday life - 🌟 Histamine,stimulates the secretion of pepsin. 🌟 Histamine is a potent vasodilator . lt contracts the smooth muscles in the bronchi. 🌟 Synthetic drugs brompheniramina ( Dimetapp) & terfenadine ( Seldane), act as antihistamines. 🌟 Antiallergic & antacid drugs work on different receptors. 🌟 Tranquilizer & analgesics are neurologically active drugs. 🌟 Noradrenaline plays a role in mood changes. 🌟 Chlordiazepoxide & meprobamate,are sutable for relieving tension. 🌟 Equanil is used in controlling depression & hypertension. 🌟 Barbiturates are hypnotic. 🌟 Analgesics reduce or abolish pain. 🌟 Aspirin & paracetamol are non - narcotic analgesics. 🌟 Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins. It use in prevention of heart attacks 🌟 Morphine is a narcotic analgesics. 🌟 The first effective anti bacterial agent prontosil. 🌟 Antibiotics have either cidal effect or a static effect on microbes. 🌟 Penicillin G has a narrow spectrum of. Ampicillin & Amoxicillin are synthetic modifications of penicillins. 🌟 In India, penicillin is manufactured at the Hindustan Antibiotics in Pimpri & in private sector industry. 🌟 Chloramphenicol, Vancomycin. & Ofloxacin are a broad spectrum antibiotics. 🌟 Antiseptics ( either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms). 🌟 Dettol is a mixture of chloroxylenol & terpineol. 🌟 Iodine is a powerful antiseptic. 🌟 0.2% solution of phenol is an antiseptic while it's 1% solution is disinfectant. 🌟 Norethindrone is an synthetic progesterone derivative drug. 🌟 The estrogen derivative drug is ethynylestradiol. 🌟 Aspartame is the most successful artificial sweeteners. 🌟 Alitame is high potency sweeteners, although it is more stable than aspartame. 🌟 Sucralose is trichloro derivative of sucrose.It does not provide calories. 🌟 The two most familiar antioxidants are butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) & butylated hydroxy anisole(BHA). @pdfstudymaterialss

🛑𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐬/𝐌𝐧𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐬 ╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍╍ 🔰Sperm pathway through male reproductive tract :- "𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗨𝗣" 🍺🍻 𝗦eminiferous tubules 𝗘pididymis 𝗩as deferens 𝗘jaculatory duct 𝗡othing 𝗨rethra 𝗣enis 🔰Hypothalamus General Functions :- "𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗘 " 🏃💨 𝗟ibido 𝗔ppetite 𝗧emperatute 𝗘motion 🔰Functions of kidney :- "𝗔 𝗪𝗘𝗧 𝗕𝗘𝗗 "💦 𝗔cid -Base balance 𝗪ater remove 𝗘rythropiesis 𝗧oxin removal 𝗕lood pressure control 𝗘lectrolyte balance 𝗗 Vitamin D activation @pdfstudymaterialss

Notes on Molecular Basis of Inheritance DNA (1) DNA is a long polymer of deoxyribonucleotides. (2) The length of the DNA depends on the number of nucleotide pairs present in it. (3) Bacteriophage lambda has 48,502 base pairs. Central dogma of molecular biology (1) Crick proposed the Central dogma in molecular biology (2) It states that the genetic information flows from DNA à RNA à Protein. (3) In some viruses like retroviruses, the flow of information is in reverse direction, which is from RNA à DNA à mRNA à Protein. Structure of polynucleotide chain: (1) A nucleotide has three components- (a) A nitrogen base (b) A pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA) (c) A phosphoric acid. (2) There are two types of nitrogen bases: (a) Purines (Adenine and Guanine) (b) Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine) (3) Adenine, Guanine and Cytosine are common in RNA and DNA. (4) Uracil is present in RNA and in DNA in place of Uracil, Thymine is present. (5) In RNA, Pentose sugar is ribose and in DNA, it is Deoxyribose. (6) Based on the nature of pentose sugar, two types of nucleosides are formed - ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleotides. (7) Two nucleotides are joined by 3’-5’ Phosphodiester linkage to form dinucleotide. (8) More than two nucleotides join to form polynucleotide chain. (9) The two strands of DNA (called DNA duplex) are antiparallel and complementary, i.i., one in 5’->3’ direction and the other in 3”->5” direction. History of DNA (1) DNA is an acidic substance in the nucleus. (2) It was first identified by Friedrich Meischer in 1869. He named it as ‘Nuclein” (3) In 1953 double helix structure of DNA was given by James Watson and Francis Crick, based on X-ray diffraction data produced Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. Packaging of DNA Helix (1) The basic unit into which DNA is packed in the chromatin of eukaryotes. (2) Nucleosome is the basic repeating structural (and functional) unit of chromatin, which contains nine histone proteins. (3) Distance between two conjugative base pairs is 0.34nm (4) The length of the DNA in a typical mammalian cell will be 6.6 X109 bp X 0.34 X10-9 /bp, it comes about 2.2 meters. (5) The length of DNA is more than the dimension of a typical nucleus (10-6m) DNA Replication (1) DNA is the only molecule capable of self duplication so it is termed as a living molecule. (2) All living beings have the capacity to reproduce because of DNA. (3) DNA replication takes place in S-phase of the cell cycle. At the time of cell division, it divides in equal parts in the daughter cells. (4) Delbruck suggested three methods of DNA replication i.e. (i) Dispersive (ii) Conservative (iii) Semi-conservative (5) The process of DNA replication takes a few minutes in prokaryotes and a few hours in eukaryotes. RNA (1) RNA is the first genetic material. (2) RNA is a non hereditary nucleic acid except in some viruses (retroviruses). (3) RNA used to act as a genetic material as well as catalyst. (4) It is a polymer of ribonucleotide and is made up of pentose ribose sugar, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous base (A,U,G,C). (5) RNA may be of two types – genetic and non-genetic. @pdfstudymaterialss

HARDY WEINBERG PRINCIPLE @pdfstudymaterialss

📚Notes on Chemical Coordination and Regulation📚 Properties of hormones (a) These are secreted by endocrine gland (biogenic in origin). (b) Their secretions is released directly into blood (except local hormones e.g. gastrin). (c) These are carried to distantly locate specific organs, called target organ. (d) These have specific physiological action (excitatory or inhibatory). These co-ordinate different physical, mental and metabolic activities and maintain homeostasis. (e) The hormones have low molecular weight e.g. ADH has a molecular weight of 600–2000 daltons. (f) These act in very low concentration e.g. around10–10 molar. (g) Hormones are non antigenic. (h) These are mostly short-lived. So have a no camulative effect. (i) Some hormones are quick acting e.g. adrenalin, while some acting slowly e.g. ostrogen of ovary. (j) Some hormones secreted in inactive form called Prohormone e.g. Pro-insulin. (k) Hormones are specific. They are carriers of specific information to their specific target organ. Only those target cell respond to a particular hormone for which they have receptors. @pdfstudymaterialss

🔥Increasings or Decreasing Order🔥 🔴 01. Melting point= Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs 🔴 02. Colour of the flame= Li-Red, Na-Golden, K-Violet, Rb-Red, Cs-Blue, Ca-Brick red, Sr-Blood red, Ba-Apple green 🔴 03. Stability of hydrides = LiH > NaH > KH > RbH> CsH 🔴 04. Basic nature of hydroxides= LIOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH 🔴 05. Hydration energy= Li> Na > K> Rb > Cs 🔴 06. Reducing character= Li > Cs > Rb > K > Na 🔴 07. Stability of +3 oxidation state= B> Al > Ga > In > T1 🔴 08. Stability of +1 oxidation state= Ga < In < TI 🔴 09. Basic nature of the oxides and hydroxides= B< Al< Ga < In < TI 🔴 10. Relative strength of Lewis acid= BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3 🔴 11. Ionisation energy= B> Al <Ga > In <TI 🔴 12. Reactivity= C<Si< Ge < Sn <Pb 🔴 13. Metallic character= C< Si < Ge < Sn < Pb 🔴 14. Acidic character of the oxides= Co2 > SiO2 > Ge02 > SnO2 > PbO2 🔴 15. Reducing nature of hydrides= CH4 < SiH4 < GeH4 < SnH4 < PbH4 🔴 16. Thermal stability of tetrahalides= CCl4> SiCl4> GeCl4> SnCl4 > PbCl4 🔴 17. Oxidising character of M+4 species= GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4 🔴 18. Ease of hydrolysis of tetrahalides= SiCl4 < GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCI4 🔴 19. Acidic strength of trioxides= N203 > P2O3 > As2O3 🔴 20. Acidic strength of pentoxides= N2O2 > P2O2> As202 > Sb2O2 > Bi̟202 🔴 21. Acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen= N2O < NO <N2O3 <N2O4 < N2O5 🔴 22. Basic nature/ bond angle/ thermal stability and dipole moment of hydrides= NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3 🔴 23. Stability of trihalides of nitrogen= NF3 > NCl3 > NBr3 🔴 24.Lewis base strength= NF3 <NCl3 <NBr3 < NI3 🔴 25. Ease of hydrolysis of trichlorides= NCl3 > PCI3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3 > BiCl3 🔴 26. Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As, and Sb= PCl3 > ASCl3 > SbCl3 🔴 27. Lewis acid strength among phosphorus trihalides PF3 > PCl3 > PBr3 > PI3 🔴 28. Melting and boiling point of hydrides= H2O > H2Te > H2Se >H2S 🔴 29. Volatility of hydrides= H2O < H2Te < H2Se < H2S 🔴 30. Reducing nature of hydrides= H2S < H2Se < H2Te 🔴 31. Covalent character of hydrides= H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te 🔴 32. The acidic character of oxides (elements in the same oxidation state)= SO2 > SeO2 > TeO2 > PoO2 SO3 > SeO3 > TeO3 🔴 33. Acidic character of oxide of a particular element (e.g. S)= SO < SO2 < SO3 SO2 > TeO2 > SeO2 > PoO2 🔴 34. Bond energy of halogens= Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2 🔴 35. Solubility of halogen in water = F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 🔴 36. Oxidising power= F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 🔴 37. Enthalpy of hydration of X ion= F- > Cl- > Br- >I- 🔴 38. Reactivity of halogens:= F> Cl> Br > I 🔴 39. Ionic character of M-X bond in halides = M-F > M-Cl > MBr > M-I 🔴 40. Reducing character of X ion:= I- > Br- > Cl- > F- 🔴 41. Acidic strength of halogen acids= HI > HBr > HCI > HF 🔴 42. Reducing property of hydrogen halides = HF < HCL < HBr < HI 🔴 43. Oxidising power of oxides of chlorine = Cl2O > ClO2 > Cl206 > Cl2O7 🔴 44. Decreasing ionic size= 02- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+ 🔴 45. Increasing acidic property= Na2O3 < MgO < ZnO< P205 🔴 46. Increasing bond length= N2 <02 < F2 < CL2 🔴 47. Increasing size= Ca2+ < Cl- < S2- 🔴 48. Increasing acid strength= HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4 🔴 49. Increasing oxidation number of iodine= HI< I2 <ICl <HIO4 🔴 50. Increasing thermal stability= HOCl < HOClO < HOClO2 < HOClO3 @pdfstudymaterialss

» Matrices Short Notes Tricks @pdfstudymaterialss

#Revision ♻️Important Notes - Electrochemical Cells♻️ ► An electrochemical cell can convert electrical energy to chemical energy and can also convert electrical energy to chemical energy. There are two types of electrochemical cells- Galvanic cell and Electrolytic cell. ► Cathodes are usually metal electrodes. It is the electrode where reduction takes place. The cathode is the positive electrode in a galvanic cell and a negative electrode in an electrolytic cell. Electrons move into the cathode. ► A half-cell is half of an electrochemical cell (electrolytic or galvanic), where either oxidation or reduction occurs. At equilibrium, there is no transfer of electrons across the half cells. Therefore, the potential difference between them is nil. ► A salt bridge is a device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (a type of electrochemical cell). Strong electrolytes are generally used to make the salt bridges in electrochemical cells. Since ZnSO4 is not a strong electrolyte, it is not used to make salt bridges. ► Emf of a cell is equal to the maximum potential difference across its electrodes, which occurs when no current is drawn through the cell. It can also be defined as the net voltage between the oxidation and reduction half-reactions. ► Cell potential is an intensive property as it is independent of the amount of material present. Gibbs free energy is defined for an electrochemical cell and is an extensive property as it depends on the quantity of the material. ► Electrode potential is the tendency of an electrode to accept or to lose electrons. Electrode potential depends on the nature of the electrode, temperature of the solution and the concentration of metal ions in the solution. It doesn’t depend on the size of the electrode. ► The salt bridge connects the two half-cell solutions to complete the circuit of the electrochemical cell. The electrolytes of the salt bridge are generally prepared in agar-agar or gelatin so that the electrolytes are kept in a semi-solid phase and do not mix with the half-cell solutions and interfere with the electrochemical reaction. ► A salt bridge is a junction that connects the anodic and cathodic compartments in a cell or electrolytic solution. It maintains electrical neutrality within the internal circuit, preventing the cell from rapidly running its reaction to equilibrium. ► A Voltaic or Galvanic cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Photovoltaic cells are used to convert light energy into electrical energy. An Electrolytic cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts electrical energy into chemical energy. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidizing agent into electricity. ► For all spontaneous chemical reactions, the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) is always negative. For a spontaneous reaction in an electrolytic cell, the cell potential (E°cell) should be positive. ► In an electrochemical cell, when an opposing externally potential is applied and increased slowly, the reaction continues to take place. When the external potential is equal to the potential of the cell, the reaction stops. Once the externally applied potential is greater than the potential of the cell, the reaction goes in the opposite direction and the cell behaves like an electrolytic cell. ► Primary cells cannot be used again and again. Since there is no fluid inside, these cells are also known as dry cells. The internal resistance is high and the chemical reaction is irreversible. Their initial cost is cheap. ► A secondary battery (a series of cells) is one which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times. Nickel-cadmium cell, Lead storage cell and Mercury cell are examples of secondary cells. Leclanche cell is an example of a primary cell. @pdfstudymaterialss

HARDY WEINBERG PRINCIPAL @pdfstudymaterialss

🏆Notes on Anatomy of Flowering Plants🏆 A tissue may be defined as, “a group of similar or dissimilar cells having common origin and performing a specific functions.” Tissues are mainly divided into three categories: (A) Meristematic tissues or Meristems (B) Permanent tissue (C) Secretory tissue Meristematic Tissues or Meristems (1) They contain immature and young cells and are capable of repeated divisions. (2) Intercellular spaces are not present in meristematic tissue. (3) They contain a homogeneous thin wall. (4) They contain large nuclei associated with abundant cytoplasm. (5) They are metabolically very active but they do not store food material. (6) Only proto-plastids are present instead of plastids, chloroplast absent. (7) Dense cytoplasm is present which contains several premature mitochondria. (8) Vacuoles are absent. (9) Meristematic cells are isodiametric in shape. Types of meristems The meristems may be classified on the basis of their mode of origin, position or function: (i) According to origin and development: On the basis of origin, meristematic tissues are of three types : (a) Promeristem or Primordial meristem: The promeristem originates from embryo and, therefore, called primordial or embryonic meristem. It is present in the regions where an organ or a part of plant body is initiated. (b) Primary meristem: A primary meristem originates from promeristem and retains its meristematic activity. It is located in the apices of roots, stems and the leaf primordia. (c) Secondary Meristem: They always arise in permanent tissues and have no typical promeristem. Some living permanent cells may regain the meristematic nature. (ii) According to position: On the basis of their position in the plant body meristems are classified into three categories: (a) Apical meristem: This meristem is located at the growing apices of main and lateral shoots and roots. These cells are responsible for linear growth of an organ. (b) Intercalary meristem: These are the portions of apical meristems which are separated from the apex during the growth of axis and formation of permanent tissues. It is present mostly at the base of node (e.g., Mentha viridis-Mint), base of internode (e.g., stem of many monocots viz., Wheat, Grasses, Pteridophyts like Equisetum) or at the base of the leaf (e.g., Pinus). (c) Lateral meristem: These meristems occur laterally in the axis, parallel to the sides of stems and roots. This meristem consists of initials which divide mainly in one plane (periclinal) and result increase in the diameter of an organ. (iii) According to function: Haberlandt in 1890 classified the primary meristem at the apex of stem under the following three types : (a) Protoderm: It is the outermost layer of the apical meristem which develops into the epidermis or epidermal tissue system. (b) Procambium: It occurs inside the protoderm. Some of the cells of young growing region which by their elongation and differentiation give rise to primary vascular tissue constitute the procambium. (c) Ground meristem: It constitutes the major part of the apical meristem develops ground tissues like hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, pith and medullary rays. (iv) According to plane of cell division: On the basis of their plane of cell division meristem are classified into three categories : (a) Mass meristem: The cells divide anticlinally in all planes, so mass of cells is formed. e.g., formation of spores, cortex, pith, endosperm. (b) Plate meristem: The cells divide anticlinally in two planes, so plate like area increased. e.g., formation of epidermis and lamina of leaves. (c) Rib or File meristem: The cells divide anticlinally in one plane, so row or column of cells is formed. e.g,, formation of lateral root. @pdfstudymaterialss