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01 OPTIONAL 2025 TEST SERIES - STARTS TODAY - Timely Evaluation & Most Probable Questions!
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02 Governor
● In Shamsher Singh vs State Of Punjab (1974), the SC declared the President and Governor as
the custodians of all executive powers, who exercise these powers in accordance with the
advice of their Ministers (except in exceptional situations).
● In Nabam Rebia vs Deputy Speaker (2017), the SC reaffirmed the law laid down in Shamsher
Singh and the discretionary powers of the Governor are limited to the postulates of Article
163(1).
○ The Court also set aside the decisions in the Mahabir Prasad Sharma (1968) and
Pratapsing Raojirao Rane (1999) cases, where it was held that the Governor can exercise power under Article 164 in an unfettered manner. | 493 | 0 | Loading... |
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04 What approach has the Supreme Court recently regarding environmental conservation?
There is a shift towards a rights-based regime for sustainable development
1) State of Telangana vs Mohd. Abdul Qasim- The court emphasized adopting an ecocentric perspective where nature is central. It stated that humanity, as an enlightened species, must act as Earth’s trustee
2) Ashok Kumar Raghav vs Union of India: The Supreme Court asked the central government and the petitioner to propose a way forward for the Court to issue directions on the carrying capacity of Himalayan States and towns.
3) Great Indian Bustard case:
A) The court acknowledged the right to be protected from the negative effects of climate change. It explored the intersection of Articles 14 and 21, addressing both development rights and climate adaptation.
B) The court emphasized that a stable, pollution-free environment is important for ensuring the right to life. Failure to support marginalized communities in adapting to climate change violates their rights to life and equality. Articles 14 and 21 mandate sustainable, strong infrastructure to ensure equal opportunities across the country. | 2 202 | 0 | Loading... |
05 term of a Lok Sabha MP
1. Lok Sabha MP’s Term: The five-year term of a Lok Sabha MP begins when the Election Commission of India (ECI) declares the results according to Section 73 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
2. From that day onward, MPs are eligible for certain rights as elected representatives.
3. The start of their term means that if MPs change their party allegiance, their political party can ask the Speaker to disqualify them from Parliament under the anti-defection law.
4. Requirements for an MP to Participate in Lok Sabha:
i) Winning the election and starting the term does not automatically allow an MP to participate in House proceedings.
ii) To debate and vote in Lok Sabha, an MP must take a seat in the House by making and subscribing to an oath or affirmation as prescribed in the Constitution (Article 99).
iii) The Constitution specifies a financial penalty of Rs 500 if a person participates or votes in House proceedings without taking the oath (Article 104). This is the only financial penalty mentioned in the Constitution.
5. Exception: An individual can become a minister without being elected to Parliament. They have six months to secure a seat in either Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha. During this time, they can participate but not vote in House proceedings. | 2 842 | 0 | Loading... |
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07 Why did Patna High Court strike down 65% reservation?
1) The judgment firmly dismissed the idea of “proportionate representation” for Backward Classes, stating that this concept is not supported by Articles 15 and 16. Article 16 mentions “inadequacy of representation.” The High Court cited the Supreme Court’s ruling in Indra Sawhney (1992), where it stated that “adequate representation” should not be interpreted as “proportionate representation.”
2) Bihar reservation amendment exceeds the 50% reservation limit. The Supreme Court introduced this limit in M R Balaji (1962), considering it discriminatory under the right to equality. This principle has been upheld in subsequent rulings like Devadasan (1964), N M Thomas (1976), and Indra Sawhney (1992).
3) The 50% reservation rule is defended on grounds of efficiency and merit. The Patna High Court also noted that “merit cannot be entirely sacrificed.”
4) The proposed reservation was not proportionate given that Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and backward castes constitute 84.46% of Bihar’s population. The Supreme Court acknowledged in Indra Sawhney that the proportion of backward classes to the total population is relevant.
5) Indra Sawhney implied that strict adherence to the 50% limit is not necessary in remote or less developed areas. The High Court rejected the idea that Bihar is outside the national mainstream, highlighting its significant role in national politics.
6) The court observed that there was no analysis of the Caste Survey and consultation with the experts before increasing reservation. | 3 335 | 0 | Loading... |
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11 What efforts have been made to improve refugee rights in India?
1 Legislative Efforts: A Private Member’s Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha in February 2022, proposing the establishment of a comprehensive Refugee and Asylum law. This bill aims to recognize asylum seekers officially and grant them specific rights, addressing India’s lack of a formal asylum framework. However, as of now, India has no domestic asylum law.
2 Judicial Contributions: The Supreme Court of India has reinforced the constitutional rights of refugees, irrespective of nationality. A landmark ruling in 1996 in the case of National Human Rights Commission vs State Of Arunachal Pradesh & Anr. ensured that the Chakma refugees, who had entered Arunachal Pradesh in 1995, could not be forcibly evicted until their asylum applications were properly processed. This judgment underlined the importance of legal procedures in the treatment of refugees. | 5 583 | 0 | Loading... |
12 Key Case Laws Upholding Constitutional Morality in India:
1 Navtej Singh Johar vs Union of India 2018 : Decriminalisation of Section 377 IPC, which criminalised consensual homosexual acts. The Supreme Court emphasised constitutional morality over social morality, decriminalising consensual homosexual acts among adults.
2 Sabrimala Temple case : Ban on entry of women of menstruating age into Sabarimala temple. The Supreme Court held the ban unconstitutional, which affirmed the constitutional morality of gender equality and non-discrimination over religious customs.
3 Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018): The Supreme Court decriminalised adultery, stating that the law was archaic and violated constitutional guarantees of equality. This highlighted the importance of individual autonomy, equality and human dignity to all.
4 NCT of Delhi vs. Union of India (2018): The Supreme Court equated constitutional morality with the spirit of the Constitution itself. It held that Constitutional morality, in its strictest sense, implies a strict and complete adherence to the constitutional principles as enshrined in the Constitution.
1 7th Schedule- Division of powers between centre and states. | 5 419 | 0 | Loading... |
13 What recent government actions went against the constitution?
1 Preemptive Decision-Making: India’s PM approved the seventeenth instalment of the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi, a ₹20,000 crore scheme, before the allocation of ministerial portfolios, which traditionally falls under the Ministry of Agriculture and the Department of Expenditure.
2 Cabinet Actions Without Portfolios: The first cabinet meeting led to the decision to assist three crore additional households under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana without assigned portfolios, raising questions about the procedural legitimacy of the decision.
3 Extension of Tenures: India’s PM extended the tenures of the National Security Adviser and the Principal Secretary prematurely, using the old Appointments Committee of the Cabinet setup, despite not having reconstituted the Cabinet Committee after the new government formation. | 4 985 | 0 | Loading... |
14 Media files | 6 201 | 0 | Loading... |
15 CSE Prelims 2024
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16 Judicial views on “material resources of the community” under Article 39(b)
State of Karnataka v Shri Ranganatha Reddy (1977)
Majority Opinion: Private properties do not fall within the scope of “material resources of the community” under Article 39(b).
Minority Opinion by Justice Krishna Iyer: Stated that private properties should be considered community resources, aiming to facilitate redistribution in a socialist manner.
Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Company v Bharat Coking Coal (1983)
Court Ruling: Confirmed the government’s right to nationalize coal mines by treating them as community resources under Article 39(b), aligning with Justice Iyer’s interpretation.
Judicial View: Extended the application of Article 39(b) to include the transformation of private property into public ownership.
Mafatlal Industries Ltd v Union of India (1996)
Opinion by Justice Paripoornan: Supported the broad interpretation of “material resources” in Article 39(b) to encompass both natural and man-made, as well as private and public properties. | 6 919 | 0 | Loading... |
17 99% aspirants are not aware 🤦♂
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20 What is Article 31C?
Introduction of Article 31C: It was added to the Indian Constitution in 1971 via the 25th Amendment, primarily in response to the Supreme Court’s decision in the Bank Nationalisation Case. In this case the court had invalidated a government act to nationalize banks due to issues with the compensation offered.
Purpose of Article 31C: The article shields laws that implement the principles specified in Article 39(b) and (c)—ensuring the distribution of material resources to prevent wealth concentration—from being challenged on the grounds of violating rights to equality and freedoms under Article 14 and Article 19.
Why is the existence of Article 31C in question?
Legal Revisions and Challenges: The existence of Article 31C is in question due to its history of amendments and legal challenges. Notably in the Kesavananda Bharati case where parts of it were struck down, affecting its overall standing.
Impact of the Minerva Mills Ruling: In the Minerva Mills case, the Supreme Court limited Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution. This cast doubt on the expansions made to Article 31C under the 42nd Amendment, specifically whether the original version of Article 31C survived these changes.
Current Supreme Court Review: Currently, the Supreme Court is examining Article 31C to address unresolved constitutional uncertainties. This includes its application in property laws such as the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Act. The Act uses Article 39(b) to justify the redistribution of cessed properties, making this review crucial for determining the future application of Article 31C in socio-economic legislation.
What are the arguments regarding Article 31C?
Argument Against Automatic Revival: Senior Advocate Zal Andhyarujina argued that the original Article 31C was completely replaced by an expanded version in the 42nd Amendment. Therefore, when the new version was struck down in the Minerva Mills case, the original could not automatically revive. This argument is based on the legal principle that once replaced, the original provision ceases to exist unless explicitly reinstated.
Argument for Doctrine of Revival: Solicitor General Tushar Mehta contended that the original Article 31C should automatically be revived based on the doctrine of revival. This view is supported by precedents like the ruling on the National Judicial Appointments Commission, where struck-down amendments led to the revival of previous provisions, suggesting that the pre-amended Article 31C should resurface if the subsequent amendments are invalidated. | 5 843 | 0 | Loading... |
21 99% aspirants are not aware 🤦♂
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22 Media files | 1 285 | 0 | Loading... |
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24 What is Article 31C?
Introduction of Article 31C: It was added to the Indian Constitution in 1971 via the 25th Amendment, primarily in response to the Supreme Court’s decision in the Bank Nationalisation Case. In this case the court had invalidated a government act to nationalize banks due to issues with the compensation offered.
Purpose of Article 31C: The article shields laws that implement the principles specified in Article 39(b) and (c)—ensuring the distribution of material resources to prevent wealth concentration—from being challenged on the grounds of violating rights to equality and freedoms under Article 14 and Article 19.
Why is the existence of Article 31C in question?
Legal Revisions and Challenges: The existence of Article 31C is in question due to its history of amendments and legal challenges. Notably in the Kesavananda Bharati case where parts of it were struck down, affecting its overall standing.
Impact of the Minerva Mills Ruling: In the Minerva Mills case, the Supreme Court limited Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution. This cast doubt on the expansions made to Article 31C under the 42nd Amendment, specifically whether the original version of Article 31C survived these changes.
Current Supreme Court Review: Currently, the Supreme Court is examining Article 31C to address unresolved constitutional uncertainties. This includes its application in property laws such as the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Act. The Act uses Article 39(b) to justify the redistribution of cessed properties, making this review crucial for determining the future application of Article 31C in socio-economic legislation.
What are the arguments regarding Article 31C?
Argument Against Automatic Revival: Senior Advocate Zal Andhyarujina argued that the original Article 31C was completely replaced by an expanded version in the 42nd Amendment. Therefore, when the new version was struck down in the Minerva Mills case, the original could not automatically revive. This argument is based on the legal principle that once replaced, the original provision ceases to exist unless explicitly reinstated.
Argument for Doctrine of Revival: Solicitor General Tushar Mehta contended that the original Article 31C should automatically be revived based on the doctrine of revival. This view is supported by precedents like the ruling on the National Judicial Appointments Commission, where struck-down amendments led to the revival of previous provisions, suggesting that the pre-amended Article 31C should resurface if the subsequent amendments are invalidated. | 4 427 | 0 | Loading... |
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26 99% aspirants are not aware 🤦♂
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28 99% aspirants are not aware 🤦♂
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29 What are the Supreme Court rulings that affect the rights of individuals accused of crimes?
1 Custody Not Required Before Charge Sheet Filing:
The Supreme Court ruled that an accused does not always need to be in custody when a charge sheet is filed, provided they are cooperating and not likely to abscond. This directive alleviates unnecessary detentions, easing the burden on both investigating agencies and the accused.
For example: In Siddharth v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2021), the Court highlighted that Section 170 of the CrPC does not mandate custody for filing charge sheets.
2 Mandatory Written Grounds of Arrest:
The Court emphasized that informing the accused in writing about the grounds of arrest is a constitutional right under Article 22.
Examples:
1 a) In Pankaj Bansal v. Union of India (2023), the Court reiterated that the reasons for arrest must be documented in writing to uphold due process and transparency, further aligning with constitutional mandates.
2 b) In Prabir Purkayastha v. State (NCT of Delhi), the Court reaffirmed the same principle, applying it equally under the UAPA, emphasizing the necessity for detailed, personalized grounds of arrest. | 4 300 | 0 | Loading... |
30 What are registered parties?
1) Defined under– Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RP Act) defines the criteria for political parties to get registered with the ECI. As per the ECI, there are 2,790 active registered political parties in India.
2) Requirement-Registered political parties must submit their memorandum/constitution to the ECI, pledging allegiance to the Indian Constitution, principles of socialism, secularism, and democracy, and upholding India’s sovereignty, unity, and integrity.
3) Benefits enjoyed by the registered parties-
(a) tax exemption for donations received under Section 13A of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
(b) common symbol for contesting general elections to the Lok Sabha/State Assemblies
(c) twenty ‘star campaigners’ during election campaign.
What are recognized parties?
1) Defined under-It’s called a Registered Unrecognized Political Party (RUPP). Political parties are recognized either as ‘national’ or ‘State’ parties according to The Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968, by the ECI. At present, there are 6 ‘national’ parties, and 61 ‘State’ parties that have been recognized.
2) Requirement-To be recognized at the national or state level, a party needs to win a certain number of seats or get a specific percentage of votes in a Lok Sabha or State Assembly election.
3) Benefits– They receive benefits like a reserved election symbol and 40 star campaigners.
What are the issues?
1) Registered Parties and Election Contestation-Less than one-third of registered parties contest elections. The RP Act does not confer explicit powers on the ECI to de-register any political party if it fails to contest elections, conduct inner-party elections or lodge requisite returns.
2) Political Party Deregistration– The Supreme Court in Indian National Congress versus Institute of Social Welfare & Ors (2002) had held that the ECI can de-register a political party only under exceptional circumstances like fraud or disloyalty to the Constitution.
3) Abuse of Tax Exemptions– RUPPs that abstain from contesting elections raise concerns about potential misuse of income tax exemptions and donations for money laundering purposes.
4) Limited Enforcement of MCC by ECI -The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) prohibits appealing to caste/communal sentiments and voter intimidation/bribery. Recognized parties have been guilty of MCC violations. However, the action of ECI has been limited. For ex- short campaigning bans. | 4 767 | 0 | Loading... |
31 99% aspirants are not aware 🤦♂
Why Post holders & only Senior Aspirants clearing Prelims every Year ? 😡
#Watch till end & see improvement in yourself 🫵 | 2 976 | 0 | Loading... |
32 Media files | 3 004 | 0 | Loading... |
33 🤗 Assurance of 60+ Marks in Just 3 Hours..EXAM KO CHALTE CHALTE..
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🌟 50+ Elimination Techniques 👇
Learn Only one , Only two Pairs & Statement based questions Tricks.
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34 Section 436A of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Sharjeel Imam who was convicted in the case of sedition and unlawful activity under the stringent Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) was granted statutory bail but he will not be released from custody
About Section 436A of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
1. Section 436A was added to the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, through an amendment in 2005. It focuses on undertrials who individuals are still awaiting trial and not yet convicted.
2. According to this section, if an undertrial has been detained for a period that equals half the maximum sentence possible for the crime they are accused of (except for crimes punishable by death), then they are eligible to be released on bail.
3. This release can be on their personal promise to return to court, known as a personal bond, and may or may not include a surety, which is a guarantee by another person.
4. However, the court can decide to keep the person in detention for longer than half the maximum sentence if there are good reasons to do so. These reasons must be written down after hearing from the Public Prosecutor.
What are the protections for undertrials
1. About Statutory Bail: Statutory bail is granted under Section 436-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). This provision mandates release if an undertrial has served half the maximum period of the prescribed sentence for the offense addressing the issue of long undertrial detentions.
2. It must be noted that individual may continuously be detained despite being granted bail in one casein case he/she is accused of multiple cases across various jurisdictions.
3. If someone is accused of a bailable offense, the court must grant them bail if they agree to pay bail bond. For non-bailable offenses, the decision to grant bail is up to the court.
4. Under Section 167(2) of the CrPC, default bail is granted if the police fail to file a charge sheet within the stipulated time (60 days for lesser offenses, 90 days for severe offenses). This provision underscores the rights of the accused against undue detention.
5. This helps to prevent people from being held in jail for a long time without trial. However, this only applies to crimes listed under the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
6. For crimes under stricter laws like the UAPA, the police have more time to investigate. | 7 329 | 0 | Loading... |
Repost from Sunya IAS Mains
Photo unavailableShow in Telegram
OPTIONAL 2025 TEST SERIES - STARTS TODAY - Timely Evaluation & Most Probable Questions!
Revise & Practice Syllabus through a perfect mix of PLTs & FLTs!
Test Series Starts: 29 June
SUNYA IAS - Converting KNOWLEDGE into RANKS
CHECK More Details at:
🔥 Sociology : CLICK HERE
🔥 PSIR : CLICK HERE
🔥 Anthro : CLICK HERE
🔥 Geography: CLICK HERE
🔥 Agriculture: CLICK HERE
🔥 Public Ad. : CLICK HERE
Please EXPLORE the above Links for MORE INFORMATION (Samples, Query Links, Details)
Governor
● In Shamsher Singh vs State Of Punjab (1974), the SC declared the President and Governor as
the custodians of all executive powers, who exercise these powers in accordance with the
advice of their Ministers (except in exceptional situations).
● In Nabam Rebia vs Deputy Speaker (2017), the SC reaffirmed the law laid down in Shamsher
Singh and the discretionary powers of the Governor are limited to the postulates of Article
163(1).
○ The Court also set aside the decisions in the Mahabir Prasad Sharma (1968) and
Pratapsing Raojirao Rane (1999) cases, where it was held that the Governor can exercise power under Article 164 in an unfettered manner.
👍 2❤ 1
Repost from Platform IAS
Photo unavailableShow in Telegram
Hurry up!!
Only 7 seats left in June Batch.
Give Discipline, Direction and Accountability to your UPSC Preparation
✍🏻Personal Mentor Support by Simranjeet Sir (2 IAS Interviews)
✍🏻Unlimited Quality Evaluation with Constructive and to the Point feedback by UPSC Toppers Sample Evaluation
✍🏻Highest Quality Video Course for PYQs and Answer Writing Watch Sample Video
✍🏻Targeted Approach for Syllabus Completion, Revisions and Answer Writing.
Our Results - Ranks 4, 60, 83, 144, 210, 237, 260, 314, 326, 386, 394, 405, 552, 628 and many more
Watch Topper Testimonials
Course Price
(GS+Essay) - 9999/-
(GS+Essay+Optional) - 14999/-
Plan Validity till Mains 2025
To Enroll Visit platformias.com
Telegram Channel
For Queries
Call/WhatsApp/Telegram 9654614282 and directly talk to Sir
🤗 1
What approach has the Supreme Court recently regarding environmental conservation?
There is a shift towards a rights-based regime for sustainable development
1) State of Telangana vs Mohd. Abdul Qasim- The court emphasized adopting an ecocentric perspective where nature is central. It stated that humanity, as an enlightened species, must act as Earth’s trustee
2) Ashok Kumar Raghav vs Union of India: The Supreme Court asked the central government and the petitioner to propose a way forward for the Court to issue directions on the carrying capacity of Himalayan States and towns.
3) Great Indian Bustard case:
A) The court acknowledged the right to be protected from the negative effects of climate change. It explored the intersection of Articles 14 and 21, addressing both development rights and climate adaptation.
B) The court emphasized that a stable, pollution-free environment is important for ensuring the right to life. Failure to support marginalized communities in adapting to climate change violates their rights to life and equality. Articles 14 and 21 mandate sustainable, strong infrastructure to ensure equal opportunities across the country.
🥰 8👍 3💯 2❤ 1👌 1🗿 1
term of a Lok Sabha MP
1. Lok Sabha MP’s Term: The five-year term of a Lok Sabha MP begins when the Election Commission of India (ECI) declares the results according to Section 73 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
2. From that day onward, MPs are eligible for certain rights as elected representatives.
3. The start of their term means that if MPs change their party allegiance, their political party can ask the Speaker to disqualify them from Parliament under the anti-defection law.
4. Requirements for an MP to Participate in Lok Sabha:
i) Winning the election and starting the term does not automatically allow an MP to participate in House proceedings.
ii) To debate and vote in Lok Sabha, an MP must take a seat in the House by making and subscribing to an oath or affirmation as prescribed in the Constitution (Article 99).
iii) The Constitution specifies a financial penalty of Rs 500 if a person participates or votes in House proceedings without taking the oath (Article 104). This is the only financial penalty mentioned in the Constitution.
5. Exception: An individual can become a minister without being elected to Parliament. They have six months to secure a seat in either Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha. During this time, they can participate but not vote in House proceedings.
❤ 8👍 6💯 2
Repost from Upsc DIAGRAMS ( Champions camp)
Mains Enrichment PROGRAM
Be ahead of others
Prepare your most mains Scoring subject - Ethics by diagrams
Topic wise ethics diagram
350+ diagrams -- FEE - RS 249
Contact to get course
@SOCIOLOGY300plus
👍 1❤ 1
Why did Patna High Court strike down 65% reservation?
1) The judgment firmly dismissed the idea of “proportionate representation” for Backward Classes, stating that this concept is not supported by Articles 15 and 16. Article 16 mentions “inadequacy of representation.” The High Court cited the Supreme Court’s ruling in Indra Sawhney (1992), where it stated that “adequate representation” should not be interpreted as “proportionate representation.”
2) Bihar reservation amendment exceeds the 50% reservation limit. The Supreme Court introduced this limit in M R Balaji (1962), considering it discriminatory under the right to equality. This principle has been upheld in subsequent rulings like Devadasan (1964), N M Thomas (1976), and Indra Sawhney (1992).
3) The 50% reservation rule is defended on grounds of efficiency and merit. The Patna High Court also noted that “merit cannot be entirely sacrificed.”
4) The proposed reservation was not proportionate given that Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and backward castes constitute 84.46% of Bihar’s population. The Supreme Court acknowledged in Indra Sawhney that the proportion of backward classes to the total population is relevant.
5) Indra Sawhney implied that strict adherence to the 50% limit is not necessary in remote or less developed areas. The High Court rejected the idea that Bihar is outside the national mainstream, highlighting its significant role in national politics.
6) The court observed that there was no analysis of the Caste Survey and consultation with the experts before increasing reservation.
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