Polity by Nitish Sir

10. C. The International Energy Agency (IEA) was born with the 1973-1974 oil crisis when industrialised countries found they were not adequately equipped to deal with the oil embargo imposed by major producers that pushed prices to historically high levels. It is an autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1974 to help countries collectively respond to oil supply disruptions. It is headquartered in Paris.

9. C. The Constitution has empowered the Parliament to prescribe the manner of choosing the representatives of the union territories in the Lok Sabha. Accordingly, the Parliament has enacted the Union Territories (Direct Election to the House of the People) Act, 1965, by which the members of Lok Sabha from the union territories are also chosen by direct election.

8. C. The reservation for the Scheduled Tribes shall not be less than one-half of the total number of seats. Further, all seats of Chairpersons of Panchayats at all levels shall be reserved for the Scheduled Tribes.

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6. C. The Constitution under Article 114 states that ‘no money shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India except under appropriation made by law’. Post the discussions on Budget proposals and the Voting on Demand for Grants, the government introduces the Appropriation Bill in the Lok Sabha. It cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha.

5. D. The subject of the local government was assigned to the States, mentioned in the State List under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. Regarding the application of Part IX to the union territories, the Article 243L of the constitution states that the “provisions of this Part shall apply to the Union territories.

4. C. Types of bills needed the prior recommendation of the president before introduction in the Parliament are: - Bills that seek to change or alter name, boundaries, area of a state, or form a new state by separation of territory from any state under Article 3 of the Indian constitution. - Money bill under Article 110 and the financial bill under Article 117(I). - Article 113 (iii) prescribes that no demand for grants can be presented in the Lok Sabha without the President of India's prior approval. It should be noted here the Constitution amendment bill can be introduced either by a minister or by a private member and does not require prior permission of the President.

3. B. The Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 establishes grassroots courts to ensure access to justice for all citizens, preventing denial of justice due to social, economic, or other barriers. Its presiding officer (Nyayadhikari) shall be appointed by the State Government in consultation with the High Court. The Gram Nyayalaya shall be a mobile court and shall exercise the powers of both Criminal and Civil Courts.

2. B. - He should not already be in the service of the Central or the state government. - He should have been an advocate or a pleader for seven years. - He should be recommended by the high court for appointment.

1. D.President decides to dissolve the House, when: - A No-Confidence Motion is passed by the Lok Sabha. - Motion of Thanks i.e. the address of the President at the first session after each general election and the first session of every fiscal year, is defeated in Lok Sabha. - A Money Bill gets defeated in the Lok Sabha. With regard to Money Bill, Rajya Sabha has restricted powers and can only make recommendations, which the Lok Sabha can either accept or reject.