NEET MBBS Notes Study PG UG PDF

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✅Notes on s-Block Elements: Physical Properties of Alkali Metals: ➖These are soft in nature and can be cut with the help of knife except the lithium. ➖The atoms of alkali metals have the largest size in their respective periods. ➖The first ionization energy of the alkali metals are the lowest as compared to the elements in the other group. ➖The alkali metals show +1 oxidation state. ➖The alkali metals have low values of reduction potential (as shown in table-I) and therefore have a strong tendency to lose electrons and act as good reducing agents. ➖The melting and boiling points of alkali metals are very low because the intermetallic bonds in them are quite weak. Hydroxides of Alkali Metals: a)All the alkali metals, their oxides, peroxides and superoxides readily dissolve in water to produce corresponding hydroxides which are strong alkalies. ➖2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 ➖Na2O + 2H2O 2NaOH ➖Na2O2 + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2O2 ➖2KO2 + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2O2 + O2 b) The basic strength of these hydroxides increases as we move down the group Li to Cs. c) All these hydroxides are highly soluble in water and thermally stable except lithium hydroxide. d) Alkali metals hydroxides being strongly basic react with all acids forming salts. ➖NaOH + HCI → NacI + H2O ➖2NaOH + H2 SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O Halides of Alkali metals: ➖M2O + 2HX → 2MX + H2O ➖MOH + HX → MX + H2O ➖M2CO3 + 2HX → 2MX + CO2 + H2O (M = Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs) (X = F, Cl, Br or I) ➖ll the alkali metals form ionic (electrovalent) compounds. ➖The alkali metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. ➖Alkali metals (except Li) exhibit photoelectric effect ➖The alkali metals and their salts impart a characteristic colour to flame. 🎖Click Here To Join Our Main Channel 🎖

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✍️Notes on Environmental Chemistry: 🔹Components of Environment: ➖Atmosphere: This comprises a blanket of gaseous layer around earth. ➖Hydrosphere: This comprises about 96% of earth’s surface & includes all sources of water like oceans rivers lakes, glaciers, ground water etc. ➖Lithosphere: It refers to earth’s solid crust containing the outer mineral cover. It comprises soil, minerals, organic matter etc. ➖ Biosphere: It refers to the domain of living organism in covalent with atmosphere hydrosphere as well as lithosphere. 🔹Environmental Pollution : Process of contamination of the environment with harmful wastes arising mainly from human activities. ➖Pollutant: Any substance or species produced either by a natural source or by human activity, which produces adverse effect on the environment. ➖Contaminant: A substance which does not occurs in nature but is introduced by human activity into the atmosphere affecting its composition. ➖Source: The site from which the pollution or contaminants originate. ➖Sink: The material or medium which consumes or interacts with a long lived pollutant is called sink. ➖Receptor : Anything that is affected by the pollutants. ➖Threshold limit value (TLV) : This indicates the permissible limit of a pollutant in atmosphere to which a healthy worker is exposed during hours a day or 40 hours a week for life time without any adverse effects. TLV are determined by experimentation on animals, by use of medical knowledge, epidemiology surveys & environmental studies. 🔹Tropospheric pollution or Air pollution: It is the atmosphere condition in which the presence of certain concentration produce harmful effects on man and his environment. These substances include: (i) Gases such as oxides of sulphur, CO, oxide of N2 and hydrocarbons (ii) Particulate matter such as dust, smoke, fumes etc. (iii) Radioactive material & many others. ➖Primary pollutants : These are the pollutants which are emitted directly from the sources. Some examples are: ➖Particulate Matter : Such as ash, smoke, dust, fumes etc. ➖Inorganic gases : Such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide etc. 🔹Particulate matter: ➖Soot: produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fossils fuels such as coal, fuel oil, natural gas, wood etc in insufficient supply of oxygen. ➖Metal particles: These are released by various metal finishing operation. The micro particles of toxic metal & SO2 gas present in the polluted atmosphere get absorbed on the particles rendering them highly toxic. ➖Metal oxides : They are generated by combustion of fuels containing metallic compounds. ➖Lead salts: Their source is lead tetraethyl (Pb(C2H5)4) which is added to gasoline to improve its antiknock property. In order to avoid deposition of PbO suitable amounts of C2H4Cl2 & C2H4Br2 are added to gasoline along with Pb(C2H5)4. ➖Fly ash: It originates from the combustion of high ash fossil. It contains partially burnt particles of the fuels. ➖Asbestos dust: It originates from industrial units manufacturing asbestos sheets, gaskets ropes etc. Asbestos flowing & asbestos insulations also contribute towards asbestos dust in the atmosphere. ➖Solid Hydrocarbons: These are emitted from petroleum refineries & comprise of paraffins, olefins & aromatics. ➖Dust Particulates: Originate from natural, domestic, industrial or agricultural sources. These are thrown into atmosphere by volcanic eruptions, blowing of dust by wind, mining operations etc. ➖Acid mist : Sulphuric acid mist is produced when SO3 present in the atmosphere comes in contact with moisture. Nitric acid mist is produced when oxides of nitrogen, viz, NO & NO2, undergo the series of reactions in the atmosphere. 🎖Click Here To Join Our Main Channel 🎖