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Repost from NEET ASPIRANTS
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Repost from NEET ASPIRANTS
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🍀🪴 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐏𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐬 : 🪴🌴
🌵 Glycolysis steps
"Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies":
Goodness - Glucose
Gracious - Glucose-6-P
Father - Fructose-6-P
Franklin - Fructose-1,6-diP
Did - Dihydroxyacetone-P
Go - Glyceraldehyde-P
By - 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
Picking - 3-Phosphoglycerate
Pumpkins - 2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
Prepare - Phosphoenolpyruvate Pies - PEP Pyruvate ·
'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and py-.
· 'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.
🌿 𝐁 𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝐧𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬 🍀
🌴 Trick :- "The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious":
👉 In increasing order:
The - Thiamine (B1)
Rhythm - Riboflavin (B2)
Nearly - Niacin (B3)
Proved - Pyridoxine (B6)
Contagious - Cobalamin (B12)
🌴𝐂𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐬 🪴
Trick :- "Oh! Can I Keep Some Succinate For Myself?":
Oh ! - Oxaloacetate
Can - Citrate
I - Isocitrate
Keep - Ketoglutarate
Some succinate - Succinyl coA Succinate
For myself - Fumarate Malate
🪴 Citric acid cycle compounds 🌴
Trick :- "Oh Citric Acid Is Of (course) A SiLly STupid Funny Molecule":
Oh - Oxaloacetate
Citric - Citrate
Acid - Aconitate
Is - Isocitrate
Ofcourse - Oxalosuccinate
A - Alpha-ketoglutarate
SilLy sTupid - SuccinyL-CoA SuccinTe
Funny molecule - Fumarate Malate
🪴*SilLy and sTupid used to differentiate succinyL and succinaTe*
🪴Citric acid cycle compounds🌴
Trick :- "Can I Ask Sharon Stone For My Orgasm?":
Citrate Isocitrate
Alpha-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl CoA Succinate
Fumerate Maleate Oxaloacetate
🌳Pyruvate: products of complete oxidation🪴
Trick :- "4 Naked Fun 3 Coeds + 1 Guy"
Complete oxidation of pyruvate yields:
4 NADH FADH2 3 CO2 1 GTP
🌵𝐄𝐧𝐳𝐲𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧🍀
𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤 :- "Over The HILL":
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases
👉 Enzymes get reaction over the hill.
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YEARS OF NCERT
UNIT:: DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
★ 1969:: RH Whittaker – Five kingdom classification
★ 1892:: DJ Ivanowsky – Recognised TMV
★ 1898:: MW Beijerink – Contagium vivum fluidum
★ 1935:: WM Stanley – Crystallised TMV
★ 1971:: TO Diener – Discovered Viroids
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𝙍𝙚𝙙 𝘽𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝘾𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙨 (𝙍𝘽𝘾𝙨)
🦋𝙀𝙣𝙪𝙘𝙡𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙚: meaning they do not have a nucleus
🦋𝙉𝙤 𝘿𝙉𝘼: mature RBCs do not have DNA
🦋𝙉𝙤 𝙧𝙚𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣: RBCs do not need to reproduce
🦋𝙄𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙥𝙖𝙘𝙚 𝙖𝙫𝙖𝙞𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙤𝙭𝙮𝙜𝙚𝙣
transport: RBCs have more internal space available for oxygen transport since they do not have a nucleus
𝙀𝙧𝙮𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙤𝙞𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙨
Starts in: red bone marrow.
𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙍𝘽𝘾 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣
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✤ Terminologies in Wave Motion -
➷ Amplitude
➷ Period
➷ Wavelength
➷ Frequency
➷ Wave velocity
➷ Phase or phase angle (O)
➷ Phase difference
➷ Path difference
➷ Time difference
★ Amplitude (A): The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of any particle of the medium from its equilibrium position.
★ Period (T): Period (T) of a wave is the time taken by any particle of the medium to complete one vibration during a period (T).
★ Wavelength (λ): Wavelength (λ) is equal to the distance between two consecutive particles of the medium which are in the same state of vibration it is equal to the distance travelled by the wave by its time period (T).
★ Frequency (f): It is the number of vibrations made per second by any particles of the medium (f = 1/T). Since the frequency of a wave is a characteristic property of the source which is producing the wave motion, hence, the frequency of a wave does not change when a wave travels from one medium to another medium.
★ Phase or Phase Angle (Φ): It represents the state of vibration of the particle of a medium with respect to its mean position.
★ Phase Difference Δ(Φ): It represents the different state of vibration of a particle at two different instants (or) any pair of particles at the same instant.
★ Wave Velocity (v): It is the distance travelled by the wave in one second (v = λ/T). It is determined by the mechanical properties of the medium through which the wave propagate
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PH List
• URINE = 6
• BLOOD = 7.4
• SPERM = 7.2
• STOMACH = 1.5-3.5
• SALIVARY AMYLASE = 6.8
• ACID RAIN = <5.5
• GOOD SOUL = 5.6
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Repost from RCC TEST PAPERS
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♻️ Important Notes - Electrochemical Cells ♻️
► An electrochemical cell can convert electrical energy to chemical energy and can also convert electrical energy to chemical energy. There are two types of electrochemical cells- Galvanic cell and Electrolytic cell.
► Cathodes are usually metal electrodes. It is the electrode where reduction takes place. The cathode is the positive electrode in a galvanic cell and a negative electrode in an electrolytic cell. Electrons move into the cathode.
► A half-cell is half of an electrochemical cell (electrolytic or galvanic), where either oxidation or reduction occurs. At equilibrium, there is no transfer of electrons across the half cells. Therefore, the potential difference between them is nil.
► A salt bridge is a device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (a type of electrochemical cell). Strong electrolytes are generally used to make the salt bridges in electrochemical cells. Since ZnSO4 is not a strong electrolyte, it is not used to make salt bridges.
► Emf of a cell is equal to the maximum potential difference across its electrodes, which occurs when no current is drawn through the cell. It can also be defined as the net voltage between the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
► Cell potential is an intensive property as it is independent of the amount of material present. Gibbs free energy is defined for an electrochemical cell and is an extensive property as it depends on the quantity of the material.
► Electrode potential is the tendency of an electrode to accept or to lose electrons. Electrode potential depends on the nature of the electrode, temperature of the solution and the concentration of metal ions in the solution. It doesn’t depend on the size of the electrode.
► The salt bridge connects the two half-cell solutions to complete the circuit of the electrochemical cell. The electrolytes of the salt bridge are generally prepared in agar-agar or gelatin so that the electrolytes are kept in a semi-solid phase and do not mix with the half-cell solutions and interfere with the electrochemical reaction.
► A salt bridge is a junction that connects the anodic and cathodic compartments in a cell or electrolytic solution. It maintains electrical neutrality within the internal circuit, preventing the cell from rapidly running its reaction to equilibrium.
► A Voltaic or Galvanic cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Photovoltaic cells are used to convert light energy into electrical energy. An Electrolytic cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts electrical energy into chemical energy. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidizing agent into electricity.
► For all spontaneous chemical reactions, the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) is always negative. For a spontaneous reaction in an electrolytic cell, the cell potential (E°cell) should be positive.
► In an electrochemical cell, when an opposing externally potential is applied and increased slowly, the reaction continues to take place. When the external potential is equal to the potential of the cell, the reaction stops. Once the externally applied potential is greater than the potential of the cell, the reaction goes in the opposite direction and the cell behaves like an electrolytic cell.
► Primary cells cannot be used again and again. Since there is no fluid inside, these cells are also known as dry cells. The internal resistance is high and the chemical reaction is irreversible. Their initial cost is cheap.
► A secondary battery (a series of cells) is one which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times. Nickel-cadmium cell, Lead storage cell and Mercury cell are examples of secondary cells. Leclanche cell is an example of a primary cell.
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