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(iv) Eskers: Long, winding ridges of gravel and sand formed by meltwater streams flowing within or beneath glaciers. (v) Drumlins: Elongated hills of glacial till shaped by the flow of ice, often aligned with the direction of glacial movement. (vi) Kame Terraces: Mound-like landforms created by glacial meltwater deposits on the glacier's surface. (vii) Moraines: Accumulations of glacial debris, including lateral, medial, and terminal moraines. (viii) Glacial Erratics: Large boulders transported and deposited by glaciers, often composed of rock types different from the local bedrock. FEATURES OF A GLACIATED HIGHLAND: (PICK THREE) (i) Cirques: Bowl-shaped depressions formed at the head of a glacier. (ii) Arete: Narrow, steep-sided ridge formed between two cirques. (iii) Horns: Sharp, pointed mountain peaks formed by the intersection of multiple cirques. (iv) U-shaped Valleys: Glacial erosion carves valleys into a distinctive U-shape, contrasting with the V-shaped valleys formed by rivers. (v) Tarns: Small mountain lakes formed in cirques or glacial depressions. (vi) Hanging Valleys: Smaller glacial valleys that intersect with larger U-shaped valleys, often creating waterfalls. (vii) Fjords: Deep, glacially-carved coastal inlets with steep cliffs. (viii) Roche Moutonnée: A rock outcrop smoothed and polished on the up-glacier side and rough and jagged on the down-glacier side due to glacial erosion. [13/12, 1:05 PM] Boss Dazzy: *NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL* *NUMBER SEVEN* (7a) (PICK THREE ONLY) (i) Industrial emissions: Industrial activities release various pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals into the atmosphere. (ii) Vehicle emissions: The combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles produces pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and hydrocarbons, contributing to air pollution. (iii) Burning of fossil fuels: The burning of coal, oil, and natural gas in power plants, industries, and residential heating releases pollutants like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter into the air. (iv) Agricultural activities: Farming practices like the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and livestock operations produce ammonia, methane, and other pollutants that contribute to air pollution. (v) Deforestation and biomass burning: Clearing land through deforestation and burning of biomass produce significant amounts of smoke, particulate matter, and harmful gases. (vi) Indoor air pollution: Combustion of solid fuels, such as wood, coal, and biomass for cooking and heating in poorly-ventilated homes, leads to indoor air pollution, affecting health. (7b) (PICK TWO ONLY) (i) Implementing strict emission standards: Governments can enforce regulations on industries and vehicles to limit emissions and promote the use of cleaner technologies and fuels. (ii) Promoting renewable energy sources: Encouraging the adoption of renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower can reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease air pollution. (iii) Improving transportation systems: Promoting public transportation, carpooling, and the use of electric vehicles can help reduce vehicle emissions and congestion. (iv) Enhancing waste management: Proper waste management practices, including waste segregation, recycling, and safe disposal of hazardous materials, can help reduce air pollution from waste incineration and landfills. (v) Planting trees and creating green spaces: Planting trees and creating green spaces can help absorb pollutants, improve air quality, and mitigate the effects of pollution. (vi) Raising awareness and education: Educating the public about the causes and consequences of air pollution can lead to behavioral changes, such as reducing personal emissions and supporting pollution control initiatives.

(iii) Increased disease risk: Climate change can create more favorable conditions for the spread of diseases in animals. Warmer temperatures can promote the survival and reproduction of disease-carrying vectors, such as ticks and mosquitoes, increasing the risk of diseases like Lyme disease or West Nile virus. (iv) Changes in vegetation: Climate change can alter the composition and distribution of vegetation, which can impact animal grazing patterns and the availability of nutritious forage. This can result in reduced animal productivity and the need for supplemental feeding. (v) Changes in water resources: Climate change can affect the availability and quality of water resources for animals. This can impact water availability for drinking and bathing, as well as the ability to irrigate pastures or crops for feed. (4b) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Implementing sustainable and climate-smart management practices, such as rotational grazing and agroforestry, which can help sequester carbon, improve soil health, and conserve water resources. (ii) Improving animal genetics and breeding programs to select for traits that are more resilient to climate change, such as heat tolerance and disease resistance. (iii) Promoting efficient use of water resources through technologies like drip irrigation systems, water recycling, and rainwater harvesting. (iv) Enhancing animal health management through the development and deployment of vaccines, biosecurity measures, and integrated pest management strategies to reduce the impact of climate-induced diseases. (v) Implementing proper waste management systems to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from livestock waste, such as methane from manure. (vi) Investing in research, innovation, and technology development to develop climate-resilient animal breeds, improve feed efficiency, and explore alternative feed sources that mitigate the environmental impact. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (7a) (i)Industrial Emissions: Factories and industries release harmful pollutants into the air, like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter. These emissions can contribute to smog and respiratory problems. (ii)Vehicle Emissions: Cars, trucks, and other vehicles release pollutants like nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide into the air. The exhaust from vehicles can contribute to air pollution, especially in densely populated areas with heavy traffic. (iii)Burning of Fossil Fuels: When we burn fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas for energy, it releases pollutants into the air. These pollutants, such as greenhouse gases and particulate matter, can contribute to climate change and air pollution. (7b) (i)Reduce Emissions: One way to control air pollution is by reducing the amount of pollutants released into the air. (ii)Plant Trees and Create Green Spaces: Trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, helping to improve air quality. [13/12, 1:05 PM] Boss Dazzy: *NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY* *NUMBER 6* (6a) CHECK THE DIAGRAM[https://i.imgur.com/nbbWUVL.jpeg] Arcuate deltas form when a river carrying sediment reaches a body of standing water, such as an ocean or a lake. The sediment-laden river water slows down upon entering the still water, leading to the deposition of sediment. The river divides into distributaries that fan out in a triangular or fan-shaped pattern, creating an arcuate (curved) delta. The shape is influenced by wave and tidal action, which redistributes sediment along the coastline, contributing to the distinctive arcuate form. (6b) FEATURES OF A GLACIATED LOWLAND: (PICK THREE) (i) Glacial Till: Unsorted, unstratified sediment deposited directly by glacial ice. (ii) Outwash Plain: Area of glacial sediment deposited by meltwater streams. (iii) Kettle Lakes: Depressions formed by the melting of isolated blocks of ice left behind by retreating glaciers.

[13/12, 1:05 PM] Boss Dazzy: *NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL* *NUMBER EIGHT* (8a) Geo-referencing in Geographic Information System (GIS) is the process of aligning spatial data from various sources to a common coordinate system, usually represented by a map projection. (8b) (PICK FOUR ONLY) (i) Accuracy: Refers to the closeness of measurements or observations to the true value or accepted reference standard. (ii) Precision: Reflects the level of detail or exactness in measurements or observations. Precise data has less variability and smaller margins of error. (iii) Completeness: Indicates the extent to which all required data attributes or fields are present and populated. (iv) Consistency: Ensures that data is uniform and conforms to predefined standards or rules throughout its collection and storage. (v) Timeliness: Refers to the relevance and currency of data, representing how up-to-date it is. (vi) Relevance: Signifies the usefulness and applicability of data to a specific purpose or objective. (vii) Reliability: Relates to the level of trust and confidence in the accuracy and consistency of data. (viii) Validity: Represents the extent to which data accurately represents the real-world concepts, properties, or phenomena it is intended to describe. (8c) (i) Topographical modeling involves the creation and analysis of topographic representations of the Earth's surface in GIS. It involves methods such as contouring, slope analysis, aspect analysis, terrain classification, and viewshed analysis. Topographical modeling helps in understanding the terrain, identifying landforms, analyzing hydrological patterns, and visualizing surface characteristics. (ii) Cartographic modeling involves the creation and manipulation of maps in GIS. It includes tasks such as cartographic design, symbolization, labeling, map composition, and thematic mapping. Cartographic modeling aims to create visually appealing and informative maps that effectively communicate geospatial information to users. [13/12, 1:05 PM] Boss Dazzy: *GEOGRAPHY-PRACTICAL-ANSWERS* (3a) Rocks are naturally occurring solid aggregates or masses composed of minerals, mineraloids, or organic materials. They make up the Earth's crust and can range in size from small pebbles to large mountains. (3b) (i) Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: These rocks are composed of fragments or grains of pre-existing rocks that have been eroded, transported, and deposited by water, wind, or ice. Examples of clastic sedimentary rocks include sandstone, shale, and conglomerate. (ii) Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: These rocks are formed from the precipitation and accumulation of minerals dissolved in water. These minerals can come from evaporated seawater or groundwater. Examples of chemical sedimentary rocks include limestone, gypsum, and rock salt. (iii) Organic Sedimentary Rocks: These rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of organic remains, such as plants and animals. Over time, these organic materials undergo a process called burial and are transformed into rocks. An example of an organic sedimentary rock is coal. (3c) (i) Rocks such as bauxite are used in iron production. (ii) Rocks like granite, limestone and sandstone are used as building and construction materials ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (4a) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Changes in temperature: Climate change can result in increased temperatures, leading to heat stress in animals. This can negatively affect their health, reproduction, and productivity. (ii) Changes in precipitation: Climate change can lead to alterations in rainfall patterns, resulting in droughts or heavy rainfall events. Both of these extremes can have significant impacts on animal husbandry, affecting the availability of water and forage for animals.

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CHEMISTRY-OBJ 01-10: ACBBABACBA 11-20: ABBBADBBAB 21-30: CACBDCABCC 31-40: BDBDBBBADA 41-50: DAADBDBADD Solved by MR FEMI SOLUTIONS TEAM Completed!!!

4ai) Air is a mixture of gases, primarily composed of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases. (4aii) Nitrogen (4aiii) A noble gas is an element from Group 18 of the periodic table, characterized by its stable and inert nature. (4aiv) (i) They are chemically inert (ii) They have a full outer electron shell (iii ) They exist as colorless, odorless gases at room temperature. (4bi) (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Calcium chloride (ii) Sodium sulfate (iii) Potassium hydroxide (iv) Anhydrous calcium sulfate (4bii) N2 + 3H2 ----> 2NH3 (4biii) It is often done through upward displacement of air or downward delivery into a container. (4biv) Differences in the method of collection of gases depend on factors such as the gas's density, solubility, and reactivity with atmospheric components. (4ei) -Haematite undergoes reduction -Coke acts as a reducing agent and provides heat. -Limestone undergoes decomposition to form calcium oxide. (4eii) Cast iron is brittle and contains a higher percentage of carbon compared to wrought iron, which is malleable and has a lower carbon content. (4eiii) Conditions favoring the conversion of sulfur (IV) oxide to sulfur (VI) oxide include low temperature, high pressure, and the presence of a catalyst. (4di) Both diamond and graphite have high melting points due to the strong covalent bonds between carbon atoms in their structures. In diamond, each carbon atom forms four strong covalent bonds in a tetrahedral structure, while in graphite, carbon atoms are arranged in layers held together by weak van der Waals forces. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (5a) Soap is manufactured through a process called saponification. In this process, pellets of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and vegetable oil are used as the main ingredients. First, the vegetable oil is heated, and then the heated vegetable oil is mixed with sodium hydroxide pellets. This mixture is stirred continuously until a thick, creamy consistency is achieved. This mixture is then left to cool and solidify into soap bars. The sodium hydroxide reacts with the fatty acids present in the vegetable oil, resulting in the formation of soap molecules. (5bi) The industrial preparation of oxygen from air involves a process called fractional distillation. Air is first compressed and cooled, causing it to liquefy. This liquefied air is then subjected to fractional distillation, a process that separates the different components of air based on their boiling points. Oxygen, which has a lower boiling point than nitrogen, is separated and collected as a pure gas. (5bii) (i) oxygen: Oxygen supports combustion and is necessary for a flame to burn. (ii) Hydrogen: hydrogen is highly flammable and can readily ignite. (5ci) (i) Calcium hydroxide: It helps to neutralize any acidic components and improve the overall quality of the water. (ii) Calcium: is an essential nutrient for human health and is important for the development and maintenance of strong bones and teeth. (5cii) (i) Natural sources (ii) Fossil fuel extraction and combustion (5ciii) When sulfur reacts with iron, iron sulfide (FeS) is formed. This reaction can be represented by the equation: Fe + S -> FeS (5di) The term hardness of water refers to the concentrationof dissolved minerals, particularly calcium and magnesium ions. Hard water can cause build-up and scaling in pipes and appliances, reduce the effectiveness of soaps and detergents, and can also affect the taste and odor of water. (5dii) 2H2SO4 + 2NaCl → 2HCl + Na2SO4 (5diii) Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

CHEMISTRY THEORY (1ai) (i) Pressure: Gas pressure is the force exerted by gas particles on the walls of the container per unit area. (ii) Volume: The amount of space occupied by a gas is its volume. This can be measured in liters or cubic meters. (1aii) The SI unit for pressure is Pascal (Pa). (1b) The formation of a sodium ion from a sodium atom is an example of oxidation because the sodium atom loses an electron, resulting in an increase in its oxidation state. (1c) Chlorine(I) oxide (Cl₂O) is a molecular compound held together by relatively weak forces such as Van der Waals forces or London dispersion forces. These forces are weaker compared to the strong covalent or ionic bonds found in many other compounds. The weaker intermolecular forces result in a lower melting point for chlorine(I) oxide. (1d) (i) Ensure that both the copper(II) oxide and the dilute trioxonitrate(V) acid used in the reaction are of high purity to avoid impurities in the final product. (ii) Ensure that the reaction is carried out under controlled conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure) to optimize the yield and purity of copper (II) trioxonitrate (V). (1ei) Graham's law states that the rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. (1eii) The melting point of a sample of a compound is related to its purity in the sense that impurities tend to lower and broaden the melting point range. A pure substance has a sharp and well-defined melting point, while impurities introduce variability and may cause the substance to melt over a range of temperatures. Therefore, a higher degree of impurity is often associated with a lower and less sharp melting point. Melting point determination is a common method used to assess the purity of a substance •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••