"𝐀𝐓𝐒𝐌𝐔" | English books 📚√

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system

"Knowledge of language - knowledge of the world"

📌Medical group for students medical university and doctors 📚🎬

Important terms in Biology for NEET 2024 ➖ DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic information. ➖ RNA: Ribonucleic acid, a molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis. ➖ Protein: A macromolecule made up of amino acids that carries out a variety of functions in the cell. ➖ Enzyme: A type of protein that catalyzes chemical reactions in the cell. ➖ Cell membrane: The thin, flexible layer that surrounds all cells and regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell. ➖ Mitosis: The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. ➖ Meiosis: The process by which cells divide to produce gametes (sperm and eggs), each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. ➖ Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait. ➖ Allele: One of two or more alternative forms of a gene. ➖ Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can result in altered gene function or the creation of new alleles. ➖ Natural selection: The process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the evolution of populations over time. ➖ Adaptation: A trait or characteristic that increases an organism's fitness in its environment. ➖ Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants convert sunlight into energy in the form of organic compounds. ➖ Cellular respiration: The process by which cells convert organic compounds into energy in the form of ATP. ➖ Ecosystem: A community of living and non-living things that interact with each other and their environment. ➖ Homeostasis: The ability of organisms to maintain a stable internal environment in the face of changing external conditions. ➖ Evolution: The process by which species change over time as a result of genetic variation and natural selection. ➖ Ecology: The study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment. ➖ Biotechnology: The use of living organisms or their products to develop new products or processes. ➖ Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. ➖ Chromosome: A structure made of DNA and protein that carries genetic information. ➖ Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance inside a cell that contains organelles and other cell components. ➖ Organelle: A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function. ➖ Nucleus: The control center of a cell that contains the cell's DNA. ➖ Ribosome: The site of protein synthesis in a cell. ➖ Mitochondria: The organelles responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration. ➖ Chloroplast: The organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis. ➖ Cytoskeleton: The network of protein filaments that give a cell its shape and allow for movement. ➖ Endoplasmic reticulum: A network of membranes in the cytoplasm that is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. ➖ Golgi apparatus: An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or transport. ➖ Lysosome: An organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down and recycling cellular waste. ➖ Vacuole: A membrane-bound organelle that stores materials such as water, nutrients, and waste products. ➖ ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that carries energy within cells. ➖ Aerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the presence of oxygen. ➖ Anaerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.

The human digestive system is a series of organs and tissues that work together to convert food into energy and nutrients for the body. The following is a more detailed explanation of the different parts of the digestive system and their functions: Mouth: The mouth is responsible for mechanically breaking down food through chewing and grinding. Saliva, which contains the enzyme amylase, also begins the process of chemical digestion by breaking down carbohydrates into simpler sugars. Esophagus: The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Food is pushed down the esophagus through a series of muscular contractions, called peristalsis. Stomach: The stomach is a muscular sac that mixes and grinds food with stomach acid and digestive enzymes. The acid helps to kill bacteria and parasites that may be present in the food, and the enzymes break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Small intestine: The small intestine is a long, narrow tube that is the main site of nutrient absorption. The walls of the small intestine are lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption. The small intestine receives digestive juices from the pancreas and liver, which contain enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into their component parts. Large intestine: The large intestine is wider and shorter than the small intestine and is responsible for removing water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible material. The material is compacted into feces, which are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus. Liver: The liver produces bile, which helps to emulsify fats and aid in their digestion. Bile is stored in the gallbladder until it is needed. Pancreas: The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that help to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, as well as hormones that regulate the level of glucose in the blood. Rectum: The rectum is the last part of the large intestine and is responsible for storing feces. Anus: The anus is the opening through which feces are eliminated from the body. In conclusion, the human digestive system is a complex and highly coordinated system of organs that work together to convert food into energy and nutrients for the body. A well-functioning digestive system is essential for good health and well-being.

Wound healing is the process by which the body repairs and restores damaged tissue after an injury. It involves a complex series of events that take place over several stages, including inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. During the inflammation stage, white blood cells and platelets rush to the site of injury to fight infection and stop bleeding. In the proliferation stage, new tissue is formed to replace the damaged tissue. Finally, in the remodeling stage, the new tissue is strengthened and reorganized, resulting in scar tissue formation. Proper wound care is essential for promoting healing and preventing complications such as infection. Medical interventions may also be necessary in some cases to promote wound healing. Chronic wounds may require specialized treatment due to underlying health conditions that prevent proper healing. 1. Inflammation: The first stage of wound healing is inflammation, which occurs immediately after the injury. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. During this stage, white blood cells and platelets rush to the site of injury to fight infection and stop bleeding. 2. Proliferation: The second stage of wound healing is proliferation, which begins a few days after the injury. During this stage, new tissue is formed to replace the damaged tissue. Fibroblasts, which are cells that produce collagen, play a crucial role in this stage. 3. Remodeling: The final stage of wound healing is remodeling, which can take several months to complete. During this stage, the new tissue that was formed in the proliferation stage is strengthened and reorganized. This is when the scar tissue forms. 4. Factors that affect wound healing: Several factors can affect wound healing, including age, underlying health conditions, medications, nutrition, and lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption. 5. Proper wound care: Proper wound care is essential for promoting healing and preventing complications such as infection. This includes cleaning the wound, covering it with a sterile dressing, and keeping it dry and protected. 6. Medical interventions: In some cases, medical interventions may be necessary to promote wound healing. These may include antibiotics to treat or prevent infection, debridement to remove dead tissue, and surgery to repair damaged tissue or close a large wound. 7. Chronic wounds: Some wounds may not heal properly and become chronic wounds. These are often associated with underlying health conditions such as diabetes or poor circulation and require specialized treatment.