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🔹EMI State Short Notes ✨

Electric Charges and Fields 1. Electric Charge Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electric and magnetic effect. 2. Conductors and Insulators Those substances which readily allow the passage of electricity through them are called conductors, e.g. metals, the earth and those substances which offer high resistance to the passage of electricity are called insulators, e.g. plastic rod and nylon. 3. Transference of electrons is the cause of frictional electricity. 4. Additivity of Charges- Charge are scalars and they add up like real numbers. It means if a system consists of n charges q1, q2, q3 , … ,qn, then total charge of the system will be q1 +q2 + … +qn. 5. Conservation of Charge The total charge of an isolated system is always conserved, i.e. initial and final charge of the system will be same. 6. Quantisation of Charge -Charge exists in discrete amount rather than continuous value and hence, quantised. Mathematically, charge on an object, q=±ne where, n is an integer and e is electronic charge. When any physical quantity exists in discrete packets rather than in continuous amount, the quantity is said to be quantised. Hence, charge is quantised. 7. Units of Charge (i) SI unit coulomb (C) (ii) CGS system (a) electrostatic unit, esu of charge or stat-coulomb (stat-C) (b) electromagnetic unit, emu of charge or ab-C (ab-coulomb) 1 ab-C = 10 C, 1 C = 3 x 109 stat-C

🔻Ray Optics Short Notes

UNIT AND DIMENSIONS SHORT NOTES ‼️

OXIDATION

Addition of Oxygen or any other electronegative element. E.g., 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO Removal of Hydrogen e.g., H2S + Cl2 → 2HCl + S Increase in positive charge e.g., Fe2+→ Fe3+ + e - Increase in oxidation number (+2) (+4) E.g., SnCl₂→ SnCl4 Removal of electron e.g. Sn2 + → Sn4+ + 2e-

REDUCTION

Removal of Oxygen or any other electronegative element. E.g., CuO + C → Cu + CO Addition of Hydrogen e.g. S + H2 → H2S Decrease in positive charge e.g. Fe3+ +e - Fe2+ Decrease in oxidation number (+7) (+2) E.g., MnO4 → Mn2+ Addition of electron e.g. Fe3 + + e- → Fe2+

REDOX REACTION

The reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously is defined as redox reaction

🗒️ Amines Handwritten Notes™

Ligand strength ka direct question aata hai usually Exam me...... I⁻ < Br⁻ < SCN⁻ < Cl⁻ < S²⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ < C₂O₄²⁻ < H₂O < NCS⁻ < edta⁴⁻ < NH₃ < en < CN⁻ < CO

Periodic Table

Periodic Table

Chemical Equilibrium

Periodic Table

Chemical Equilibrium

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