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#GS2 IR Myanmar = Neighbourhood first + Act East + MAHASAGAR #prelims : 1. Which states share border with Myanmar : Arunachal Pradesh , Nagalnd , Manipur , Mizoram 2. Diphu pass : trijunction of India , China , Myanmar 3. River forms part of the international boundary between India and Myanmar : Tiau River (or Tio river)

RBI Annual Report 2023-2024 1. BOP Surplus (2023-24) : India had a BoP surplus, this was because the surplus on the capital account was so big , it dwarfed the CAD. This scenario did not play out in 2025-26. The capital account surplus that year shrank to $72 million, down more than 99.5% over the $16.6 billion seen in 2024-25. 2. BOP deficit grew in 2025-2026 : Sharp fall in net foreign investments in India which compounded a widening trade deficit 3. The deficit in 2025-26 was entirely paid for using the RBI’s foreign exchange reserves, denting them significantly. 4. CAD : 3 year high of $30.2 billion 2025-26. 5. Merchandise trade deficit : Imports exceeded exports , $251.6 billion in 2025-26, down from $286.9 billion in the previous year. 6. Surplus on India’s ‘invisibles’ trade, which includes the services trade, fell to $221.4 billion in 2025-26 from $263.9 in 2024-25. 7. India imports nearly 90% of its oil requirement, and does not produce any gold of its own, although its gold demand is very big.

#GS2 IR Probable Mains Question : What are the aims and objectives of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue(QUAD). QUAD plays key role in promoting a free and open Indo-Pacific region. Comment.

Netaji & Azad Hind Fauj: • Subhas Chandra Bose took over leadership of the Indian National Army (INA/Azad Hind Fauj) on 4 July 1943 at Singapore. • The Provisional Government of Free India (Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind) was established by Netaji at Singapore on 21 October 1943. • The slogan “Tum Mujhe Khoon Do, Main Tumhe Azadi Doonga” is associated with Netaji and the Azad Hind movement; it was used to mobilise Indians for the freedom struggle. • The INA’s famous military call was “Delhi Chalo”, given by Netaji at Singapore in July 1943. • “Jai Hind” was popularised by the INA and became a national salutation. • The women’s wing of INA was the Rani Jhansi Regiment, led by Lakshmi Sahgal; it is regarded as one of the world’s earliest all-women combat units. • After receiving Andaman & Nicobar Islands from Japan, Netaji renamed them Shaheed Dweep (Andaman) and Swaraj Dweep (Nicobar) in 1943. • INA advanced with Japanese support up to the Imphal–Kohima sector during World War II. • The INA Trials were held at the Red Fort, Delhi (1945–46) and generated massive nationalist support across India. • Motto of Azad Hind Government: “Ittehad, Itmad aur Qurbani” (Unity, Faith and Sacrifice). • National anthem of Azad Hind Government: “Shubh Sukh Chain”, adapted from Rabindranath Tagore’s Jana Gana Mana. • Historians often consider the INA movement, INA trials, and the 1946 Royal Indian Navy Mutiny as important factors that increased pressure on the British to quit India.

#PYQ

World’s First Green Rail Corridor • Kerala proposed 473km High-Speed Rail Corridor (Thiruvananthapuram–Kannur) to be the world’s first Green Rail Corridor, with its operational energy requirement proposed to be met entirely through captive solar power. • The proposal comes after the SilverLine semi-high-speed rail project was shelved/withdrawn • Unlike SilverLine, the new corridor is proposed to run largely on elevated viaducts, with only a short underground stretch in Thiruvananthapuram, thereby aiming to reduce land acquisition and environmental concerns. Crowdfunding • Crowdfunding means raising funds for a specific project by collecting small contributions from a large number of individuals, usually through web-based platforms or social networks. • It can enable startups, SMEs, and infrastructure projects to access capital from a broad investor base without relying entirely on traditional bank finance. 👇🏻👇🏻

Celler Abadal (Catalonia, Spain) became the first vineyard to receive the “Fire Wine” certification, recognising vineyards that help reduce wildfire risk through fire-resilient land management practices. • Catalonia (Spain) recently used vineyards as natural firebreaks to slow the spread of wildfires. • FireWine Certification is a Catalonia-based initiative that recognizes vineyards adopting wildfire-prevention practices. • Europe is experiencing its worst wildfire period since records began in 2006, with nearly 2.5 million acres scorched in the recent season. • Vineyards reduce wildfire spread because rows of vines and cleared soil between them contain less combustible vegetation. • Truffle cultivation and beekeeping (honey production) encourage management of forest undergrowth, thereby lowering wildfire fuel loads.