UPSC Mains Notes

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*🛡️Fault Lines* 💎A fault line is the visible intersection of a geological fault with the Earth's surface. It refers to a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock caused by stresses generated by tectonic plate movements. *💎Characteristics of Faults* ♟️Faults are closely associated with the movement of Earth's tectonic plates. ♟️The largest faults are found along plate boundaries. ♟️Movement along faults can occur rapidly, resulting in earthquakes, or gradually, in the form of creep. ♟️Faults vary in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers, such as the San Andreas Fault in California or the Anatolian Fault in Turkey. ♟️Fault surfaces can be horizontal, vertical, or inclined at various angles. ♟️Earth scientists classify faults based on the angle of the fault relative to the surface (known as the dip) and the direction of movement along the fault. *💎Types of Faults* *♟️Strike-Slip Faults* These faults occur when tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, with little to no vertical movement. ⚜️These faults are commonly found in regions where lateral stress dominates. ⚜️A well-known example is the San Andreas Fault in California, which has caused several powerful earthquakes. *♟️Normal Faults* These faults occur when one block of rock slides downward, pulling away from the adjacent block. ♟️These faults create space by stretching the Earth's crust, often leading to the formation of valleys. ♟️Examples of normal faults include the Basin and Range Province in North America and the East African Rift Zone. *♟️Reverse Faults (Thrust Faults)*  These faults occur when one block of crust moves upward and overlaps the other. ⚜️This process is associated with compression and often leads to the formation of mountain ranges. ⚜️Examples include the Himalayas, formed due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, and the Rocky Mountains in North America.

*🛡️The preamble of Indian Constitution* The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purposes, principles, and philosophy of the Constitution. It reflects the aspirations and values of the people of India. *💎The Preamble* "WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION." *💎Key Concepts in The Preamble* *♟️Sovereign:-* India is independent and not subject to any external authority. *♟️Socialist:-* Commitment to social and economic equality. *♟️Secular:-* No official state religion; all religions are treated equally. *♟️Democratic:-* The government is elected by the people. *♟️Republic:-* The head of the state is elected, not a hereditary monarch. Justice, Liberty, Equality, and *♟️Fraternity:-* Core values ensuring individual dignity and national unity.

🛡️ *National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)* ♟️ *Established -* 1982 [ B. Sivaraman Committee ] ♟️ Statutory body under NABARD ACT 1981. ♟️ *Headquarters -* Mumbai ♟️ *Owner -* Fully owned by government. ♟️ *Operates Under :* Department of Financial Services (DFS) under the Ministry of Finance. ♟️ All India Financial Institution ♟️ *Supervise :* 1. Regional rural banks ( RRB ) 2. State co- operative agriculture & rural development bank ( SCARDBs ) 3. Commercial banks ( CBs ) 4. State co - operative banks ( SCBs ) 5. Other Financial institutions under RBI

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✍️ LEKHYAM – Daily Answer Writing Series | Sarat Chandra IAS Academy ⭐ What will happen every day? ✅ 2 Questions Every Day ✅ 1 Previous Year Question ✅ 1 Current Affairs-based Question 🔥 Program starts from 15th September 🎯Answer Writing Deadline: 5:30 PM Students have to complete & submit their answers for both questions by 5:30 PM. ✨ Questions available in Online & Offline modes 📲 Access them via our Website & Telegram Channel👇 https://t.me/upsc_topper_strategy 🔥 Every day at 8:30 PM, we will release a detailed video solution of the PYQ https://youtube.com/@saratchandraiasacademy?si=m5mK6ZwtzO2H3kO6 ☀️ In the video, we will discuss: • How to break down the question • How to understand the demand of the question • How to approach & structure the answer • Similar PYQs asked by UPSC from the same theme in previous years 👍The complete schedule of the series will be released in advance. Students will know beforehand which theme & which question they can expect each day.

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