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https://t.me/ek2021/2249 Answers: 1. poisonous 2. scientific 3. sustainable 4. resistance 5. arguments 6. representations 7. intuitively 8. untrue

🏃‍♂️Run into Meaning: Enter by running Example: He ran into the building. 🏃‍♂️Run into Meaning: Collide with Example: He lost control of the vehicle and ran into a tree. 🏃‍♂️Run into Meaning: Encounter or meet unexpectedly Example: I ran into your cousin the other day. 🏃‍♂️Run into Meaning: Cause to blend into Example: You can use the paintbrush this way to run the colors into each other. 🏃‍♂️Run into Meaning: Reach a large figure Example: By the end, the cost of the project ran into the millions of dollars. 🏃‍♂️Run low Meaning: Near the end of a supply of something; to be nearly running out Example: Our stocks of meat are running low. 🏃‍♂️Run off Meaning: Flee or depart quickly Example: Don’t run off before the end of the event. 🏃‍♂️Run off Meaning: Make photocopies, or print Example: Please run off a couple dozen more flyers to pass out. 🏃‍♂️Run off Meaning: Write something quickly Example: Shakespeare could run off a play in just a couple of days. 🏃‍♂️Run off Meaning: Pour or spill off or over Example: They kept a barrel to store rainwater that has run off the roof. 🏃‍♂️Run off Meaning: Chase someone away Example: If anyone comes into this field, the bull will soon run them off. 🏃‍♂️Run off Meaning: Operate by a particular energy source Example: This radio runs off batteries. 🏃‍♂️Run off with Meaning: Leave with someone with the intention of living with them or marrying them Example: The chief accountant has run off with his secretary! 🏃‍♂️Run off with Meaning: Steal or abscond Example: He ran off with my wallet. 🏃‍♂️Run on Meaning: Continue without interruption Example: We can’t afford for the performance to run on for more than the specified time. 🏃‍♂️Run on Meaning: Using a certain time zone Example: I was still running on daylight savings time. 🏃‍♂️Run on Meaning: Continue talking for a long time Example: She ran on and wouldn’t let anyone get a word in edgeways. 🏃‍♂️Run on Meaning: Operate with a particular energy source Example: This car runs on bio-alcohol. 🏃‍♂️Run out Meaning: Use up; to consume all of something Example: If this hot weather continues, we will run out of ice cream. 🏃‍♂️Run out Meaning: Expire, to come to an end Example: The option will run out next week and I can’t get it extended. 🏃‍♂️Run out Meaning: Extend a piece of material, or clothing Example: If I run out these curtains, they will fit the windows in the drawing room. 🏃‍♂️Run out on Meaning: Leave a partner or commitment suddenly and without prior warning Example: No one could believe that John had run out on his wife and kids. 🏃‍♂️Run over Meaning: Exceed the allotted time Example: The previous presentation ran over and ours had to start late. 🏃‍♂️Run over Meaning: Cross by running Example: The athletes must run over the bridge to reach the finish line. 🏃‍♂️Run over Meaning: Drive over, causing injury or death Example: Can you believe somebody would just run over a cat like that? 🏃‍♂️Run over Meaning: Describe briefly Example: Before we start the project, let’s just run over who is doing what. 🏃‍♂️Run over Meaning: Rehearse quickly Example: You’d better run over your statement before going on the platform. 🏃‍♂️Run over Meaning: Overflow Example: The bath water nearly ran over. 🏃‍♂️Run through Meaning: Summarise briefly Example: Let me run through today’s meeting for those who missed it. 🏃‍♂️Run through Meaning: Repeat something Example: We will run through scene 2 until we get it right. 🏃‍♂️Run through Meaning: Use completely, in a short space of time Example: I ran through my wages in two days. 🏃‍♂️Run through Meaning: Pervade, of a quality that is characteristic of a group, organisation, or system Example: Fear of foreigners runs through that country at all levels of its society. 🏃‍♂️Run through Meaning: Impale a person with a blade, usually a sword Example: Make just one move, and I’ll run you through, sir, without hesitation.

List of phrasal verbs: PULL =========================== 💼Pull ahead Meaning: Start being in a winning position (e.g. in a race or competition) Example: After being neck-and-neck the whole race, Gibbs managed to pull ahead in the final lap. 💼Pull apart Meaning: Become separated as a result of pulling Example: A weak rope will pull apart. 💼Pull apart Meaning: Rigorously investigate the basis of an idea or theory Example: Starting with a couple of inconsistencies, the detective began to pull apart his alibi. 💼Pull away Meaning: Move ahead Example: Schumacher is beginning to pull away from the rest of the racers. 💼Pull in Meaning: Pull something, so that comes inside Example: After falling out of the boat, the crew pulled him in. 💼Pull in Meaning: Earn Example: He pulls in a lot of money. 💼Pull in Meaning: Approach a station Example: Quick! The train’s pulling in. 💼Pull off Meaning: Remove by pulling Example: As soon as she got home, she pulled off her clothes. 💼Pull off Meaning: Achieve; to succeed at something difficult Example: Six pages is a lot to write in one night. Do you think she can pull it off? 💼Pull off Meaning: Turn off a road Example: After about a mile, we pulled off the main road onto a dirt track. 💼Pull off Meaning: Begin moving and then move away; to pull away Example: As the police approached, the car pulled off and sped away into the distance. 💼Pull on Meaning: Put on (clothes) by tugging Example: I pulled on my winter coat before stepping out into the snow. 💼Pull out Meaning: Withdraw; especially of military forces; to retreat Example: The troops pulled out of the conflict. 💼Pull out Meaning: Use coitus interrupt us as a method of birth control Example: With a tremendous groan, he pulled out and ejaculated all over her belly. 💼Pull out Meaning: Remove something from a container Example: He pulled out his gun before she had a chance to scream. 💼Pull out Meaning: Maneuver a vehicle from the side of a road onto the lane Example: When joining a road, you should check for traffic before pulling out. 💼Pull over Meaning: Come to a stop, and turn off the road Example: Can you pull over just after the post office? My house is next door. 💼Pull over Meaning: Cause to pull over Example: Do you know why we pulled you over? 💼Pull up Meaning: Lift upwards or vertically Example: I pull up the level when I want to make my car go into first gear. 💼Pull up Meaning: Pull forward Example: Pull up a bench and have a seat. 💼Pull up Meaning: Retrieve; get Example: Pull up that website for me, it looks quite interesting. 💼Pull up Meaning: Drive close towards something, especially a curb Example: Pull up to that curb slowly; you don’t want to scratch that other car. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

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List of phrasal verbs: GET - 5 ============================= 🍅Get taken in Meaning: Be fooled; to fall for Example: I wonder how many people will get taken in by their addition of a fancy-looking front panel to a crummy device. 🍅Get taken in Meaning: Be unofficially fostered Example: When her mother died, she got taken in by the next-door neighbour. 🍅Get through Meaning: Overcome; to endure Example: Military training was hard, but I got through it 🍅Get through Meaning: Complete; to finish Example: She got through her book this morning! 🍅Get through Meaning: Be made successfully Example: The call wouldn’t get through no matter how many times I tried. 🍅Get through to Meaning: Make someone understand Example: I feel I’m not getting through to some of the kids in my class. 🍅Get through to Meaning: Reach a stage in a competition Example: She got through to the final round of interviews. 🍅Get to Meaning: Reach, arrive at Example: I’ll call you when I get to the railway station. 🍅Get to Meaning: Have an opportunity to or be allowed to Example: How come he gets to be hall monitor? No fair! 🍅Get to Meaning: Affect adversely; to upset or annoy Example: This job’s really getting to me. I don’t know how much longer I’ll last. 🍅Get to Meaning: Track down and intimidate Example: He’s refusing to testify. I think the Mob got to him. 🍅Get together Meaning: Meet socially Example: Lily got the girls together and told them about Anna’s accident. 🍅Get up Meaning: Move in an upwards direction; to ascend or climb Example: I’m having difficulty getting up the stairs. 🍅Get up Meaning: Rise from one’s bed Example: I didn’t get up until midday. 🍅Get up Meaning: Move from a sitting or lying position to a standing position; to stand up Example: Get up off the couch and clean this mess! 🍅Get up Meaning: Materialise; to grow stronger Example: As dusk fell a storm got up. 🍅Get up Meaning: Bring together, amass Example: The general got up a large body of men. 🍅Get up Meaning: Gather or grow larger by accretion Example: I could see that he was getting up a temper. 🍅Get up Meaning: Criticise Example: He got up me about the mess I made in the kitchen. 🍅Get up Meaning: Dress in a certain way, especially extravagantly Example: She was all got up in the most ridiculous frilly dress. 🍅Get up to Meaning: Do something, especially something that you should not do Example: Recently he’s been getting up to all sorts of mischief 🍅Get used Meaning: Become accustomed to something; acclimate; adjust Example: I’m getting used to this climate. 🍅Get with Meaning: Impregnate Example: The stallion got with foal three out of four mares. 🍅Get with Meaning: Align oneself with Example: We have to get with the times or we’ll be left behind. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

GLOBALIZATION ESSAY 5 (300 WORDS) Globalization is a process of worldwide spread of science, technologies, businesses, etc through the means of transportation, communication, and trade. Globalization has affected almost all the countries worldwide in various ways such as socially, economically, politically, and psychologically too. Globalization is a term indicating fast and continues integration and interdependence of countries in the field of business and technologies. The effects of globalization have been seen on the tradition, environment, culture, security, lifestyle, and ideas. There are many factors affecting and accelerating globalization trends worldwide. The reason of acceleration in the globalization is because of the people demands, free-trade activities, worldwide acceptance of markets, emerging new technologies, new researches in the science, etc. Globalization has huge negative impacts on the environment and given rise to various environmental issues like water pollution, deforestation, air pollution, soil pollution, contamination of water resources, climate change, biodiversity loss, etc. All the ever growing environmental issues need to be solved on urgent basis by international efforts otherwise they may finish the existence of life on the earth a day in future. In order to prevent the loss of environment, there is need of globalization of eco-friendly technologies and huge level environmental awareness among people. In order to deal with the negative effects of globalization, companies need to develop greener technologies which may replace the current status of the environment. However, globalization has helped a lot positively to save the environment by improving various resources (reducing adverse effects on the environment like hybrid cars using less fuel) and promoting education. Apple brand has also aimed to manufacture Eco-friendly products to reduce negative impacts of globalization and exceed positive effects. Increasing demands of the ever increasing population lead towards extensive deforestation causing great level environmental issue. Till now, almost half of the useful forests have been cut in the past years. So, there is a need to make globalization under control to reduce its negative effects. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT LONG ESSAY – 5 (600 WORDS) Introduction India is primarily an agriculture based economy and a large portion of its population still resides in villages. Therefore, for developing rural India, it is imperative to develop the agriculture sector by introducing new reforms and policies. In the following essay we will go through the state of agriculture and rural development in India, discussing prospects of their improvement. Agriculture Statistics – India Nearly 75% of India’s total population (133 Crores) depends primarily on agriculture sector for its livelihood, which roughly sums up to approximately 100.4 Crores people. Agriculture sector in India contributes around 16% of the total GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of India. It is only in third place preceded by service sector and industrial sector at first and third place respectively. Indian economy is the fastest growing economy of the world and is expected to consistently improve. Role of Agriculture in Economy Agriculture sector is one of the primary sectors of the Indian economy. Though, the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) contribution of agriculture has consistently declined in past six to seven decades, it still employs nearly 53% of Indian population. Agriculture also plays a significant role in making the village economy self sustainable and independent. Rural India is still far away from industrialization and the prime source of employment for rural people is the agriculture sector. Agriculture sector therefore is the main player in Indian economy as it sustains not only farmers but also other small businesses and vendors those rely on it. Agricultural produces are transported to markets, in turn providing employment in transport sector. While the products breach markets, small vegetable vendors, shop keepers purchase the products for direct selling, thereby generating tremendous employment opportunities. Needless to say that agriculture sector employs skilled and unskilled labours at all levels and in all allied sectors. Initiatives for Rural Development (1) Five Year Plan Beginning in 1951, the Government of India has been framing and implementing five year plan, after every five year, to improve the overall development of the country, primarily in the rural areas. Under the five year plan dams had been built, irrigation canals constructed, agricultural reforms introduced etc. (2) Increased Budgetary Allocations for Agriculture Government has in the subsequent years increased spending on agriculture and related sectors in a bid to make them independent and self reliant. The money is spent on improving agriculture sector right from the production stage to marketing stage. (3) Road Connectivity Good roads are the most significant symbols of rural development and also the most important one. They not only reduce the distance between villages and cities but also boost up the agricultural industry by providing fast and easy transportation. (4) Giving Agricultural Credit Giving agricultural loans at reasonable rates to small and poor farmers will also aid in rural development. When a poor farmer is given credit to purchase fertilizers, farm equipments etc, it will consequently improve village economy and development. (5) Rural Job Guarantee Schemes Rural job guarantee schemes like MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) which guarantees job on daily basis to rural population do a commendable job in improving the village economy. It provides job not only in agriculture sector but also in other fields such as road and building construction etc. Conclusion Indian economy is largely dependent on agriculture, while the latter depends on rural development. It is also true that economic and social development of Indian villages is primarily dependent on agriculture sector. Therefore, it wouldn’t be wrong to see agriculture and rural developments as two sides of one coin, where one depends on or is affected by changes in other. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ESSAY – 4 (500 WORDS) Introduction Agriculture sector around the world is a major player in sustaining rural economy and development. It is the largest employer in rural areas and hugely contributes in its overall development. Nearly 80% of world population depends on agriculture for its livelihood by supplying food to the rest of the world. Rural development and agriculture are also co-related in more than one way, as we will find out in the following essay. Significance of Agriculture The contribution of agriculture in improving rural economy is immense. It sustains village economy by generating food, employment and other related means of livelihood. Agriculture sector is the huge employment provider in rural areas. It provides employment to daily wage labours as well as skilled work force in fields as well as other agriculture related activities. Agriculture sector is also a mass producer of food, necessary for sustaining human nutritional needs. With low yield or declining agricultural activities, signs of hunger and malnutrition start showing up within no time. Components of Rural Development Social, economic and overall development of a rural area depends on a wide number of factors like agriculture, better planning, employment generation etc. We will discuss in brief some of the chief components of rural development below- (1) Employment Generation Employment Creation is the main component of rural development. Though, in rural areas, agriculture sector is the largest employer. Therefore, to generate employment opportunities in villages, there is a need to strengthen agriculture sector and also setup other industries. (2) Better Planning Better planning must be done by the government, to boost up local economy of a village by employing development model conducive to its growth. A village economy largely depends on agriculture and hence any positive changes made in the latter will automatically improve the state of former. (3) Better Roads Better road connectivity is a major sign of rural development which also improves the agriculture sector. Better roads and connectivity to urban trade centers mean that the farm produces reach the market early and fetch good price, hence, aiding in agricultural economy as well. (4) Modern Techniques Introducing modern techniques in agriculture and allied industries will automatically improve the overall development of villages. Using genetically modified seeds and organic fertilizers for better yield will consequently lead to overall development of rural areas. (5) Basic Amenities Availability of basic amenities like water and electricity is also a major component of rural development. It also improves crop yield by ensuring that the field never run dry even when the natural rain is scarce. Similarly, continuous electricity supply is also beneficial for agriculture. Conclusion Agriculture and Rural Development are the backbones of the economy of a nation. This becomes more befitting in case of developing and underdeveloped economies of the world. In an agrarian economy, the more better the state of agriculture is the better will be the development around rural areas. On the other hand, rural development in terms of infrastructure and other sectors creates an environment conducive to the growth of agriculture sector. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ESSAY – 3 (400 WORDS) Introduction Agriculture sector has a huge potential for transforming rural economy by making it, self sustainable. Growth in agriculture produces consequently leads to economical development and poverty eradication. It makes the village economy self sustainable; however, the overall development of a rural area depends on wide number of factors other than agriculture. The two however are closely co-related in some aspects as we will know in the following essay. Facts and Figures Approximately 45% of World’s population lives in rural areas, that is in terms of numbers 3.4 billion people. Also, nearly 2 billion people have agriculture as their primary source of income. Agriculture sector also employs nearly 866 million people across the globe. Out of which, approx 75% (656 million) are in south-East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Around 80% of world food is produced by over 500 million farms run by a family. Agriculture and Rural Economy Agriculture is an integral part of many world economies, especially the developing ones, and hence plays a significant role in rural development. It helps the villages to be self reliant by creating new job opportunities, eradicating poverty and improving rural society. Economic development of a rural area primarily depends on the state of agriculture in that particular area. A decline in agriculture produce will adversely affect the economy. However, over dependency of rural areas on agriculture and allied sectors for employment generation is also a challenge for rural economy. Though, agriculture is self reliable, it is also vulnerable to natural calamities like drought, flood, storms and pollution. A year of unexpected less rain or drought could put the whole village economy on back foot in terms of economy. The challenge is therefore to make rural economy more independent of agriculture, by introducing sectors like fish farming, honey bee farming etc. Conclusion Agriculture plays a great role in overall development of rural areas; though, it is not the only factor on which rural development depends. Overall rural development includes development in agriculture along with other sectors, like development in education, health facilities, transportation, basic amenities like water and electricity, proper infrastructure etc. There is no doubt that the development in terms of infrastructure, water and electricity will support agriculture sector and hence the village economy. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ESSAY – 2 (300 WORDS) Introduction Agriculture plays a significant role in rural development by way of employment creation, food production and livelihood. Almost 60% of world’s population i.e. 450 Crores (roughly) depends directly on agriculture and its allied sectors for their living. Agriculture plays a significant role in rural development by making the villages self sustainable. With better agriculture yield and growth prospects in a village, development is evidently the next natural thing to happen. World Statistics of Agriculture Agriculture is an industry which has the potential to end poverty and misery around the world. A little more than half of the world’s population i.e. 450 Crores depends on agriculture for livelihood. Studies reveal that agriculture is the prime source of income for 65% of the world’s poor adult population. Also, agriculture contributes to 6.4% of world’s total economic production, which roughly sums up to $5,084,800 million. On the contrary, despite such huge potential of agriculture in improving economy and eliminating poverty, rural population in most parts of the world faces slow social and economic development. The farmers, who provide food for almost the entire world population has very low or no access to modern amenities as in urban centers. They considerably lag behind in education, health and other sectors. Nearly 80% of population in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa that also supports the livelihood of 2.5 billion people, face economic and social marginalization. Conclusion Agriculture and Rural Development are two different aspects, yet they are also co-related. While agriculture hugely contributes in sustaining rural economy and strengthening its social structure, reducing poverty etc; rural development on the other hand, includes the developments in agriculture sector as well as other sectors like, health, education, roads, industrialization and others. Agriculture sector is obviously benefited by infrastructure development, because of better accessibility to markets and urban trade centers. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

5 ESSAYS ON AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ===================================================== Today, urbanization has made people from rural areas to shift to cities and towns, for better opportunities and facilities. This trend isn’t specific to a particular region of the globe, but is witnessed almost in every country. Despite this huge population shift from rural to urban centers, agriculture has remained a significant source of income and livelihood for one-third of the world population. Agriculture, at the grass root level functions as a family run business, by the farmers. Nearly 70-80% of total world’s poor people rely on agriculture for livelihood, including the farmers. Hence, the role that agriculture plays in Rural Development is significant. ============================ AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ESSAY – 1 (200 WORDS) Nearly 45% of the total world population resides in villages, that is roughly 339 Crores. By and large, nearly 60% of the global population depends on agriculture and allied businesses. Villages primarily are agriculture based economies, not only in developing but also in developed nations around the world. Development in rural areas, up to a large extent depends on Agriculture, as it constitutes the prime source of livelihood and food for farmers and other villagers. But, the statement also hold true, the other way round, that is agricultural in a village also depends hugely on the infrastructure developments and scientific advancements in farming. That is, better roads, 24/7 dedicated electricity supply for farms, irrigation canals, introduction of modern farming technologies are some of the areas of rural development which in turn will mutually benefit the agriculture industry. Agriculture and Rural Development are directly proportional to each other and a development in any one will consequently lead to the improvement of other. On the other hand a poor state of any one of them will adversely affect the other. Agricultural economy of a village will suffer in absence of good roads and electricity, hence, stalling the overall economical as well as social development of a village. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

LONG ESSAY ON IMPORTANCE OF OBEYING TRAFFIC RULES IN OUR DAILY LIFE – ESSAY 5 (600 WORDS) Introduction Road traffic rules are mandatory for all the occupants of the roads, including car drivers, bike riders, bus drivers, truck drivers, pedestrians and passengers. They are designed to regulate the flow of traffic and make daily commuting safer for every user. Various Traffic Rules and Their Significance in Our Daily Life Traffic rules that we follow daily while commuting from one place to another, help us reach our destination safely. Some of the most common traffic rules that one should follow while using the road and their significance are described below- (1) Driving With a Valid Driving License If you are driving with a valid driving license, you have probably reached the permissible age limit to drive. Also, you must have undergone the necessary training provided about road safety rules and regulations by the licensing authority; making you a responsible driver behind the wheels. (2) Keeping Left This is another significant rule obeyed while daily commuting. You must keep left of the road while leaving or entering, to make way for the approaching vehicles, already at high speed on the road. You must also keep left to make way for an emergency or other vehicle coming from behind at high speed. This way you ensure that both reach their destinations safely. (3) Never Approach a Road From Wrong Side Approaching a road suddenly from wrong side might have fatal consequences. A wrong and sudden approach might surprise the other drivers/riders, resulting in confusion and collision. It’s advised to look for any approaching vehicle on the main road and in case they seem far, approach the road slowly, keeping left always. (4) Always Wearing Safety Gears A driver must wear all the safety equipments required for the vehicle. Wearing a seat belt or a helmet could be all the difference between life and death. General conception that safety gears are not required while city commuting is a myth. Either on city roads or highways, safety belts and helmets have proven their mettle in saving lives. (5) Following Traffic Signals A junction or a roads intersection is the most critical point that an everyday commuter has to pass through many times in a day. It is difficult to judge which way the vehicle coming from front will turn or to see any approaching vehicle from either left or right. Continuing blindly on a junction might have fatal consequences. Always follow the traffic rules or the signals of the policeman, who alternates the movement, ensuring safe transit for all. (6) Waiting For The Pedestrians On foot pedestrians are the most vulnerable users of the roads. They depend on other drivers for their own safety. A negligent driver could hit an unsuspecting pedestrian, crossing the road or waiting for a bus to arrive. While daily commuting one should always make way for the pedestrians at zebra crossings or other spots, and ensure safe transit for all. (7) Don’t Drink and Drive A Drunken driver not only risks his own life but also the lives of other road users. Drinking hampers one’s ability to make decisions and foresee the consequences. The drivers get negligent and over speed compromising the safety of their own as well as others. Either for daily commuting or for sometimes, drunken driving must be strictly prohibited. Conclusion Traffic rules play a vital role in ensuring our safe transit to office and house every day. Even if someone flouts the rules and reaches safely is only because of other good commuters who follow and respect traffic rules. That is, if all the vehicles jump the signal, then no one is going to get to the destination safely or at least on time. It is therefore imperative for all, to diligently follow the traffic rules and regulations while on the road. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

ESSAY ON TRAFFIC RULES AWARENESS – ESSAY 4 (500 WORDS) Introduction The reluctance to follow the traffic rules in India varies from place to place, similarly as its cultures and languages. People in some parts of India diligently obey the traffic rules while in some other parts they tend to be habitual offenders. Surprisingly, those who disobey the rules are well aware of them, and also the consequences that could arise by not following them. Still, they display their reluctance and regularly flout the rules, putting their own life as well as life of others in danger. Present Indian Scenario Our reluctance to follow the road traffic rules could be assessed from a recent 2018 statics, which states that road accidents in India claim 400 lives every day. Prime causes behind the fatalities are – over speeding, jumping signals, overloaded commercial vehicles, overcrowded passenger vehicles, not wearing safety gears etc. Most vulnerable are the two wheeler riders and pedestrians, who are difficult to spot on crowded and busy roads. According to a recent study, two wheeler drivers in India constitute 40% of total road accident deaths annually. Reasons for Low Awareness People’s reluctance to follow traffic rules could be attributed to various factors. There is no organized road safety education in the Indian system. Children come to know about the general traffic rules by their parents or by self observation. There are hundreds of traffic signs that the children have never been told about. The usual “let go” attitude also plays a significant role in Indian context. People tend to follow the irresponsible drivers. If a single driver jumps a red signal, he will be followed by many others. As if, they were not waiting for the lights to turn green, but for someone to jump it. Another reason behind low awareness is liberal monitoring. People disobeying traffic rules are seldom confronted, thus making them more reluctant. When not stopped for a number of times, they become habitual offenders, compromising their own safety as well as safety of others. Methods to Increase Awareness There are many initiatives that could be taken to increase public awareness. An organized structure for providing education regarding road safety and rules, in the schools must be provided. Road safety and rules could be started as a subject in schools and professional courses. Use of print and electronic media could also be vital tool in raising awareness. Any message sent by celebrities, through print or electronic media will have greater influence on the attitude of people. A mandatory training session for are new driving license holders, on road safety and rules too will help in raising awareness. Conclusion Regular campaigns should be organized by the governments in coordination with relevant departments, wherein people must be taught about traffic rules and regulation, also encouraged to use proper safety gears. A strict monitoring and a policy of zero tolerance towards offences like drunken driving, over speeding etc, will send a strong message to the public and deter them from flouting the rules. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

ESSAY ON TRAFFIC RULES AND SIGNALS – ESSAY 3 (400 WORDS) Traffic Signals Traffic signals constitute an essential part of traffic rules and regulations. Every city commuter faces traffic signals, while on the road and must follow them in order to ensure safe and regulated transit. The main objective of traffic signals is the regulation of traffic. Traffic signals are also commonly called traffic lights, traffic lamps and signal lights. Where and Why Are Traffic Signals Installed Traffic signals are installed at road intersections and at pedestrian crossings. Intersections are the vital junction points where, an unregulated traffic flow could lead to accidents and long traffic congestions. Traffic lights alternate the right of way for vehicles passing through the intersection, thus making the commuting easy. Traffic signals are also installed at pedestrian crossings to regulate their movement, alternatively it with the vehicles’. Traffic signals are also installed at rail road crossings and on connecting roads to hospitals, schools or other significant junctions. Traffic Signals History World’s first traffic signal was installed in London in 1868, it was a gas lit signal operated manually. Though, it didn’t last for even a month and exploded. The first traffic light in India was installed in 1953, at Egmore Junction near Chennai – the capital of southern Indian state Tamil Nadu. Next the city of Bangalore, now capital city of southern Karnataka state, installed its first traffic signal at corporation circle in 1963. Traffic Signals/Rules in India Traffic signals or traffic lights are signaling devices installed at various intersections. They use a definite color representation system with a vertical display of colored lights. Indian traffic signals have three primary colors – red, orange (amber) and green. Red instructs to stop; orange to get ready and green gives permission to wade through. Traffic lights are also installed for pedestrians, often having the same color codes (Red-Stop, Amber-Wait, and Green-Go). While following the traffic signals, there are a few more things that one should keep in mind. While stopping on a red light, one should make sure to stop well before the zebra crossing meant for the pedestrians; turn left on a red signal only when there is no sign prohibiting the move; even though the signal turned green, don’t accelerate instantly, rather make sure that the traffic from other side has stopped and also that there is no stray vehicle. A flashing red signal is a strict indication to stop, while a flashing orange (amber) light directs to proceed with caution. Manual Signals There are various manual signals using the gestures of hand for the regulation of traffic. These signals are used by the traffic policemen as well as vehicle riders. They include stop signal, slow down signal, right turn signal, left turn signal etc. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

ESSAY ON TRAFFIC RULES AND SAFETY – ESSAY 2 (300 WORDS) Introduction Traffic rules and regulations are formulated to regulate traffic, for the safety and convenience of all types of road users. They are very essential to ensure safety of various road users and as well as their easy commuting. What Makes Indian Roads Unsafe Indian roads are overcrowded with variety of vehicles and daily commuters. Our highways and city roads are carrying much more traffic than what they were actually designed for. But, it is only tip of the iceberg; main problem lays in the variety of vehicles on the same road and of course they all want to reach on time. We have slow moving traffic like – rickshaws, carts along with cars, buses, trucks, bicycles, motorcycles, pedestrians and often animals; all using the same road. Besides, motorcyclists, bicycle riders and pedestrians are the most vulnerable, as they are difficult to spot on a crowded and busy road. Not to mention the road sides stalls and eateries, those have encroached on the road and footpaths, only making things vulnerable for pedestrians. In this scenario, a collision is the only next reality, if traffic rules are not followed promptly. How Traffic Rules Improve Safety The traffic rules and regulations are designed in such a way, so that they ensure the safety of all the commuters. Some rules are formulated for specific types of users, while some are common. Rule like “keep left” is meant to give pass to vehicles coming from opposite direction, as well as to other vehicles approaching from behind and travelling in the same direction. Rule mandating a slow down while approaching a zebra crossing is meant for the safety of pedestrians. Conclusion Wearing helmet while riding a bike or bicycle is meant for safety of the rider. Likewise, there are many rules like wearing seat belts while driving, driving within limited speed, no drunken driving, giving way to pedestrians (as they are most vulnerable), following traffic signals and signs; all are designed for the safety of road users and ensure their easy transit. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

5 ESSAYS ON TRAFFIC RULES ============================== Traffic Rules are definite rules and regulations formed by the government and other relevant agencies for the safety and convenience of daily road commuters and other travelers. Some rules vary for different types of road users i.e. cyclists, pedestrians, car drivers etc, while some are common. Whatever the rule may be, it is formed with just one prime objective – to ensure the safety of all road users. ========================== SHORT ESSAY ON TRAFFIC RULES IN INDIA – ESSAY 1 (200 WORDS) Indian roads are overcrowded with various types of vehicles – cars, buses, trucks, farm vehicles (tractors etc), along with bicycles, rickshaws (three wheeled passenger cart), motorcycles and pedestrians. Even vendors and road side stalls could be easily spotted encroaching on the road. With so much huge variety of vehicles and different commuters, it becomes imperative to design specific rules, to be followed while using the road in order to ensure safe transit for everyone. Thus, traffic rules come into picture. They are a set of rules and regulations formulated, to be obeyed while using the roads. The rules to regulate traffic on the roads have been put in the Motor Vehicles Act 1988. The Act came into effect from 1st July 1989 and is uniformly applicable throughout India. Some of the most significant traffic rules in India are – mandatory registration and insurance of all private as well as commercial vehicles; issuing of driving licenses only to the adults on or above the legal age of 18 years; fine and imprisonment on drunken driving; speed limits and zebra crossings for the safety of pedestrians and other commuters; mandatory helmets and seat belts; fitness certificate for all types of vehicles; while approaching an intersection, give right of way to vehicle already traversing on the road etc. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

List of commonly used phrasal verbs: E ==================================== Eat away: Erode or corrode gradually Eat into: Consume gradually, especially by erosion Eat out: Perform cunnilingus or anilingus Eat up: Consume completely Eat up: Accept or believe entirely, immediately, and without questioning 🟠🟠🟠🟠🟠🟠 List of commonly used phrasal verbs: F ==================================== Find out: Discover, as by asking or investigating Find out: Discover or expose (someone) as disobedient, dishonest, etc. Find out: Uncover a weakness (in someone) Finish off: Finish completely Finish off: Kill Finish up: Complete the last details of a task Finish with: Put aside, break all relations with, or reject finally Finish with: Complete; to complete use of Fit in: Be physically capable of going into a space Fit in: Be confident in a social situation Fit into: Be of the right size and shape to be placed in a location Fit into: Be of similar cultural or social status as the members of a group of people Fit up: Conspire to incriminate falsely a presumably innocent person Fit up: Furnish with suitable things; to prepare; to fit out Fix up: Provide (someone) (with something); to furnish Fix up: Repair or refurbish Fix up: Prepare or provide (something) Force out: Cause something to be ejected 🟠🟠🟠🟠🟠🟠 List of commonly used phrasal verbs: G ==================================== Gear up: Prepare for an activity Grow up: Mature and become an adult Grow up: Start to develop; to flourish Grow up: Stop acting as or like a child 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ

ESSAY ON LIFE IN A BIG CITY – PERSONAL, PROFESSIONAL AND ECONOMICAL GROWTH – ESSAY 3 (400 WORDS) Introduction Life in a big city is exciting and ever-evolving. There are a lot of opportunities to learn and grow for people residing in a big city. These cities provide a chance to grow personally and professionally. People living in these cities turn out to be smarter than those living in the small towns and villages owing to the kind of exposure they get. Life in these cities is fast paced and only those who have a smart bent of mind can survive here. Personal Growth in Big Cities There is a good scope of personal growth and development in the big cities. Children living in such cities have access to good schools and colleges that do not just focus on the academics but on the all round development of the students. These educational institutes give the individuals a chance to participate in various kinds of activities and events to help them explore their interest. Besides, there are a number of activities one can involve in outside the school which help in personal growth. Professional Growth in Big Cities Big cities offer great career opportunities and lucrative business options unlike the villages and small towns where the scope is limited. Several industries and firms operate here and offer good job opportunities to people with different educational qualification. The prospects of setting business are also good in these cities. These cities are well-connected with other parts of the country which is a big advantage. It helps in expanding business and dealing with clients living in different cities. Many institutes in big cities offer courses to working professionals to help them grow further and attain new professional heights. The prospects of setting up and expanding business in a big city are immense if a person is willing to work hard. Economic Growth and Big Cities Many new businesses are set up in the big cities each year. As these businesses grow and flourish they contribute towards the economic growth of the country. Conclusion While the big cities offer excellent opportunities to learn and grow, life here is busy. There is so much to do that there is just no time to sit and relax. People are so engrossed with their work that they do not even get time to spend with their family. Many people feel isolated in such atmosphere. While they become successful in life they hardly have anyone to celebrate their success with. 🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸 SV RAMANUJ