UPSC MAP

Landmark supreme court cases

Uttar Pradesh

Madhya pradesh

🔆 Glaciers and Their Associated Rivers 1. Batura – Hunza 2. Hispar – Hispar 3. Biafo – Braldu 4. Kedar Bamak – Mandakini 5. Godwin Austen – Tributary of Baltoro Glacier 6. Siachen – Nubra 7. Baltoro – Braldu 8. Bandarpunch – Hanuman Ganga 9. Gangotri – Bhagirathi 10. Yamunotri – Yamuna 11. Satopanth – Alaknanda 12. Milam – Saryu 13. Pindari – Pindar (tributary of Alaknanda) 14. Zemu – Lanchen (tributary of Teesta) 15. Kunchenjunga – Kanchen (very small river)

Major Rivers & Their Tributaries

Ramsar Sites in India Facts Oldest Ramsar Sites in India 👉Chilika Lake – Odisha 👉Keoladeo Ghana National Park – Rajasthan 👉Both designated on 1 October 1981 State with Highest Number of Ramsar Sites 👉Tamil Nadu – 20 👉Uttar Pradesh – 12 Smallest Ramsar Site in India 👉Renuka Wetland – Himachal Pradesh Largest Ramsar Site in India 👉Sundarban Wetland – West Bengal

🔆 Vietnam – Complete Overview 🇻🇳 📍 Basic Facts ✅ Capital – Hanoi ✅ Currency – Vietnamese Dong ✅ Political System – One-party Communist state ✅ Region – Southeast Asia ✅ One of the fastest-growing economies in Southeast Asia 📍 Political & Strategic Features ✅ Located along the eastern coast of the Indochinese Peninsula ✅ Land Borders: • China (North) • Laos (West) • Cambodia (West) ✅ Maritime Boundaries: • Gulf of Tonkin (Northeast) • South China Sea (East & South) • Gulf of Thailand (Southwest) 📍 India–Vietnam Relations 🇮🇳🤝🇻🇳 ✅ India and Vietnam exchanged an MoU on Artificial Intelligence and Quantum Technology ✅ Relations based on: • Strategic partnership • Defence cooperation • Indo-Pacific cooperation • Trade and technology collaboration 📍 Major Geographical Features ✅ Important Rivers: • Mekong River • Red River ✅ Both rivers form fertile deltas before draining into the South China Sea ✅ Major Mountain Range: • Annam Cordillera (Annamite Range) → Extends from northwest to southeast across central Vietnam 📍 Economic Importance ✅ Major exporter of: • Electronics • Textiles • Coffee • Rice ✅ Key manufacturing hub in global supply chains 📍 Prelims Quick Facts ✅ Mekong River flows through multiple countries including China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia & Vietnam. ✅ Red River Delta is an important agricultural region. ✅ South China Sea is strategically significant for global trade routes.

7th schedule of Indian constitution

Major Indian rivers

Basic concepts in biogeography

Major Indian Rivers

🔆 Kali River & Nyctibatrachus kali 📍 Why in News? ✅ A new night frog species, Nyctibatrachus kali, has been discovered in the Kali River basin of Karnataka’s central Western Ghats. 🔆 About Kali River 📍 Location ✅ Located in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka. ✅ Also known in ancient texts as Kalindi or Kali Nadhi. 📍 Origin & Course ✅ Originates near Kushavali village in Joida Taluka of the Western Ghats. ✅ Flows for about 184 km before draining into the Arabian Sea. 📍 Why Named “Kali”? ✅ Named after its dark colour caused by the manganese-rich river bed. 📍 Major Tributaries ✅ Pandri ✅ Tattihalla ✅ Vaki ✅ Kaneri ✅ Kariholé 📍 Catchment Area ✅ Approximately 5,085.9 sq km. 📍 Associated Dams ✅ Supa Dam ✅ Kodasalli Dam ✅ Kadra Dam ✅ Bommanalli Dam ✅ These dams generate hydroelectric power for Karnataka. 📍 Tourism Importance ✅ Dandeli, situated on its banks, is known as Karnataka’s adventure tourism capital. 🔆 About Nyctibatrachus kali 📍 What is it? ✅ Newly discovered species of night frog. ✅ Commonly called the Kali Night Frog. 📍 Habitat ✅ Found in the Kali River basin of the Western Ghats. 📍 Key Features ✅ Belongs to genus Nyctibatrachus. ✅ Species of this genus are endemic to the Western Ghats. ✅ It is a cryptic species — appears similar to other frogs externally but is genetically distinct. 📍 Important Fact ✅ Nearly 70% of Nyctibatrachus species have highly restricted geographical distribution. 🔆 Significance ✅ Highlights the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. ✅ Emphasises need for conservation of fragile freshwater ecosystems. ✅ Discovery reflects the region’s high level of endemic species diversity.

Case study on “localised ecological destruction” and how it has impacted the Banda city in Uttar Pradesh. 🔆 Inside the Heat Trap: Why Banda is Heating Up 📍 Record Heat in Banda (Uttar Pradesh) ✅ Banda recorded 48.2°C on May 19, the highest temperature in the district since 1951. ✅ It topped India’s temperature charts multiple times in April–May. 🔆 Inside the Heat Trap: Why Banda is Heating Up 📍 Record Heat in Banda (Uttar Pradesh) ✅ Banda recorded 48.2°C on May 19, the highest temperature in the district since 1951. ✅ It topped India’s temperature charts multiple times in April–May. 🔆 Major Causes Behind Extreme Heat 📍 Mining & Blasting ✅ Hills are blasted using explosives and excessive sand mining occurs in the Ken River. ✅ Ecological destruction weakens natural cooling systems. 📍 Dust & Debris Clouds ✅ Blasting activities create massive dust clouds. ✅ Suspended particles trap heat near the surface and reduce natural cooling. 📍 River Degradation ✅ Sand removal reduces river recharge capacity. ✅ Water runoff increases while groundwater recharge declines. ✅ Ken River’s depth has drastically reduced in many stretches. 📍 Groundwater Collapse ✅ Depleted aquifers and lack of recharge have pushed groundwater levels down significantly. ✅ Dry soil and rocks absorb and radiate more heat. 📍 Deforestation ✅ Rapid forest cover loss has reduced shade and moisture release. ✅ Trees help cool the atmosphere through evapotranspiration and wind regulation. 🔆 Impact of Heat Trap ✅ Increased heatwave frequency and intensity. ✅ Water scarcity and agricultural stress. ✅ Rising health risks like heatstroke and dehydration. ✅ Ecological imbalance and biodiversity loss. 🔆 Way Forward ✅ Strict regulation of illegal mining and blasting. ✅ River restoration and groundwater recharge measures. ✅ Large-scale afforestation and urban greening. ✅ Heat Action Plans and climate-resilient infrastructure. ✅ Sustainable land and water management practices.