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👉Today’s Essay Paper for J&K PCS Mains 2025

☑️How to write “crisp-yet-informative” and “Structured” answers ? 👉Topic : Ethics | GS 4 Q) Explain the Stoic’s model of Ethics in terms of its sustainability for modern civil servants ?

☑️PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER ✨Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) 👉Established: 2018 👉under Dept. of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry 👉Why was DGTR created? To provide a single integrated umbrella body for all trade remedial measures related to: •Anti-dumping duty •Countervailing duties (CVD) •Special Safeguard duty •Bilateral safeguard measures Earlier, these functions were distributed across multiple bodies. DGTR brought all trade remedy mechanisms under one roof for efficiency and coherence. 👉Why DGTR was created? Before DGTR, India had: •Directorate General of Anti-Dumping & Allied Duties (DGAD) •Directorate General of Safeguards (DGS) •Safeguards functions under Revenue Department These were merged into DGTR to provide: •Administrative coherence •Faster investigations •Single-window access for industry grievances 👉 Legal Backing : ✨Anti-Dumping & CVD: Under Customs Tariff Act, 1975 and Customs Tariff Rules, 1995 ✨Safeguard Duty: Under Section 8B of Customs Tariff Act ✨All measures are WTO-compliant, under respective WTO Agreements: •Anti-Dumping Agreement •Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) •Agreement on Safeguards 👉 Note : DGTR is the Investigating Authority (anti dumping duty , CVD and Safeguard duty ) ✨Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue): •Reviews DGTR’s recommendation •Issues a notification to impose or reject the duty •Has the final say — it may accept, modify, or reject the recommendation 💥 DGTR investigates, Finance Ministry imposes — this is the general rule for all trade remedy duties in India. 👉 Anti-Dumping Duty:- Target - Unfair pricing (below cost of production) Purpose - Protect domestic industry 👉Countervailing Duty : Target - Foreign subsidies Purpose - Ensure level playing field 👉Safeguard Duty : Target - Surge in imports Purpose - Short-term protection 👉Bilateral Safeguard : Target - FTA partners Purpose - Prevent injury due to specific agreements #upsc #UpscPrelims2026

☑️PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER ✨ Resignation of the Vice President of India – Full Process 👉Constitutional Provision: Article 67(b) “The Vice-President may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office.” 👉Step-by-Step Process :- 1. Voluntary Decision •The Vice President may resign at any time during the 5-year term. •The decision is voluntary and not bound by approval. 2. Writing the Resignation •The Vice President must write a formal letter of resignation, addressed specifically to the President of India. •The letter must be signed personally (“under his own hand”). 3. Delivery to the President •The signed resignation letter is delivered directly or officially to the President of India. •No other authority (e.g., Parliament, MHA) is involved at this stage. 4. President’s Acknowledgment •The President formally accepts the resignation. No approval or delay is constitutionally required — it becomes effective upon receipt. •A notification may be issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs to formally inform the public, Parliament, and government departments. 5. Office Falls Vacant •Once the resignation is accepted, the office of Vice President becomes immediately vacant. •The Vice President ceases to hold both roles: a) as Vice President, and b) as ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

👉LEGAL BASIS : As per the Vice-President’s Election Rules, (Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952), if the office of the Vice President becomes vacant due to resignation, removal, death, or otherwise, an election must be held within 6 months from the date of the vacancy.

☑️PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER ✨Topic : What is Doxxing | Terms in news | Current Affairs 💥What is Doxxing? 👉Doxxing (or doxing) is the act of publicly revealing private, personal, or identifying information about someone without their consent, usually with malicious intent. 👉What Kind of Information is Leaked? •Real name (if using a pseudonym) •Home address •Phone numbers •Email IDs •Workplace or employer details •Family members’ details •Personal photos or videos •IP address or location data •Social media account 👉Why Do People Doxx? •Harassment or threats •Revenge or online feuds •Cancel culture actions •Political intimidation •Trolling or cyberbullying •To intimidate whistleblowers, activists, or journalists 👉Is Doxxing Illegal? Yes — in many countries, doxxing is illegal or punishable under cybercrime, harassment, or privacy laws, especially if it leads to: •Threats or violence •Identity theft •Emotional distress •Stalking or defamation 👉In India, it can be prosecuted under: •IT Act, 2000 (Sections 66E, 67) •Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) #upsc #UpscPrelims #CurrentAffairs

☑️Time gap to hold elections for President and Vice President in case of death, resignation and removal 👉Article 62 (President) 👉Article 68 (Vice President) #UPSCPrelims2026 #VicePresidentResigns

☑️ Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar Ji resigns citing health reasons

💥The question is “Elucidate”. It means you need to explain the statement in clarity with suitable examples , without challenging the statement. ☑️INTRODUCTION :- [write about subsidies and transfer payments and give examples] Subsidies: Financial support provided by the government to producers or consumers to lower the cost of goods/services. Generally linked to production or consumption. Examples - food subsidy , fertilizer subsidy Transfer Payments: Non-compensatory payments made by the government to individuals or groups, with no direct return of goods/services. These are often for social protection or redistribution. Exmaples - pensions, DBT, scholarships Subsidies and transfer payments are essential tools of fiscal policy aimed at promoting welfare and reducing inequality. However, their unchecked expansion may compromise fiscal sustainability and distort resource allocation in the economy. ☑️BODY/ANALYSIS :- 👉Economic Dimension: Rising subsidies inflate revenue expenditure, widen fiscal deficits, and reduce fiscal space for productive capital expenditure (infrastructure, health, education). This undermines long-term growth and fiscal sustainability. 👉Efficiency & Allocation Dimension: Non-targeted subsidies (e.g., fertilizers, power) distort price signals, leading to resource misallocation, environmental degradation (e.g., groundwater depletion), and inefficiency. They may crowd out private investment by raising interest rates. 👉Social Equity Dimension: If poorly targeted, subsidies may disproportionately benefit the better-off, undermining redistributive justice. However, targeted DBT (e.g., PM-KISAN, LPG subsidies) can enhance equity without large fiscal costs. 👉Political Economy Dimension: Subsidies often become populist tools, especially before elections, making their rationalization politically sensitive and delaying structural reforms. 👉Environmental Dimension: Subsidies for fossil fuels or excessive irrigation contribute to climate risks, deforestation, and overexploitation of natural resources. ☑️CONCLUSION : Balancing the welfare objectives of subsidies with fiscal prudence and efficiency demands a shift towards targeted, transparent, and accountable mechanisms. Reforming subsidy regimes is critical for sustainable development.

☑️A potential Mains Q. From Indian Economy - Topic : Subsidies Q) The unchecked rise of Subsidies and transfer payments has multidimensional implications. Elucidate. #UpscMains

☑️PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER ✨Topic : Chemical Disasters vs Biological Disasters vs Biological Warfare 💥CHEMICAL DISASTERS :- 👉incident involving the accidental or deliberate release of hazardous chemical substances 👉Nodal ministry to handle this disaster : MoEFCC 👉Legal mechanism : Environment Protection Act, Chemical Accidents Rules, NDRF CBRN units 👉Eg : Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984), Visakhapatnam LG Polymers leak (2020) 💥BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS : 👉disaster caused by the spread of disease-causing biological agents (e.g., viruses, bacteria) – often epidemics or pandemics. 👉Eg : COVID-19 pandemic, Ebola outbreak, Nipah virus outbreaks 👉Nodal Minstry to tackle - Min of Health n Family Welfare (MoH&FW) 👉Legal mechanism : Epidemic Diseases Act, Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme , Health Ministry protocols, NDMA guidelines 💥BIOLOGICAL WARFARE : 👉 also called "germ warfare" is defined as the use of biological toxins or infectious agents (bacteria ,virus,fungi) with the “intent” to kill or incapacitate humans,animals or plants as an act of war 👉Eg : Alleged anthrax attacks in the U.S. (2001), Japanese Unit 731 experiments (WWII) 👉Nodal Ministry : Min of Home Affairs + Min of Defence + Min of Health & Family Welfare 👉Legal mechanism : DRDO’s bio-defence research, strategic biosecurity frameworks #upsc #UPSCPrelims2026 #upsc2026

☑️PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER Topic : Economy / Environment ✨ What is Keeling Curve ? 👉It is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide on the Earth's atmosphere based on continous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day. 👉The curve is named for the scientist Charles David Keeling , who started the monitoring program and supervised it untill his death in 2005. 👉Keeling's measurements showed the first significant evidence of the rapidly increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. 👉 It measures daily CO₂ concentrations in parts per million (ppm) 👉 The curve has a sawtooth pattern due to seasonal changes in plant growth: •Spring/Summer (Northern Hemisphere): CO₂ levels drop as plants absorb CO₂. •Fall/Winter: CO₂ levels rise as plants die and decay. #UPSC #UPSCPrelims2026 #upsccoaching

☑️ How to write “crisp-yet-informative” and “Structured” answers ? ✨Topic : Office of the Speaker | Indian Polity | Gs 2 Q) “Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker.” Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha. ? #upsc #MainsAnswerWriting

☑️PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER ✨Belgaum Session of 1924 :- 👉The only session to be presided by Mahatma Gandhi. 👉Key things that happened during this session :- a) The Congress endorsed Gandhi's decision to allow the Swaraj Party to carry on work on the legislatures "on behalf of the Congress" and as an "integral" part of the Congress. b) Gandhiji gave the Swarajists a majority of seats on his Working Committee. c) So, the mutual trust between the Swarajists and No-changers was "furthered". d) Gandhiji stressed on the boycott of foreign cloth and prescribed constructive program ( like - removal of untouchability, Hindu-muslim unity, spinning of Khadi ) as the chief means for attainment of Swaraj 👉 The Belgaum session also featured a Congress exhibition, which aimed at popularizing khadi and handicrafts. 👉Gandhi stayed in a hut called “Congress Niwas”, which is now a museum. 👉 Symbolism of the Venue • Belgaum was in Bombay Presidency at the time, now part of Karnataka. • Choosing this location had multiple symbolic goals: a ) Show that the freedom movement was pan-Indian and not confined to Bengal, Punjab, or U.P. b) Emphasize linguistic and regional harmony amid emerging sub-nationalist feelings. #Upsc #UPSCPrep #upscPrelims #ModernHistory #MahatmaGandhi #UPSCmains

☑️PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER 💥Does the Supreme Court take “possession” of the Basic Structure? Or Does the Supreme Court assume control or ownership over the doctrine of Basic Structure ? 👉The Supreme Court of India does not “possess” the Basic Structure in the sense of owning or creating it arbitrarily. Instead, it has interpreted, defined, and protected the Basic Structure doctrine as a constitutional safeguard against the misuse of amending power under Article 368. 👉 The Basic Structure doctrine is a judicial innovation to preserve constitutional identity. ✨Examples of protected features: •Supremacy of the Constitution •Rule of law •Separation of powers •Judicial review •Fundamental rights •Secularism and democracy So, the SC does not possess it in a proprietary sense but enforces it as a custodian. #UPSCPrep #upsc #UpscPrelims #IndianPolity

Q) Consider the statements. 1. There is no blanket protection available to the laws inserted in the 9th schedule. 2. The SC has ruled out the list of basic structure of the Constitution and has taken “possession” of it #upsc #UPSCPrelims #IndianPolity

☑️ A potential Mains Q. from Mountbatten Plan - Modern History - GS 1 Q) The Mountbatten Plan was a “diplomatic compromise” rather than a “political solution”. Examine. 👉Click the link for the answer/structure : https://x.com/upscwithcsr/status/1945796342246252902?s=46

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☑️Introduction In colonial India, where women were bound by restrictive social customs, Dr. Rukhmabai emerged as a symbol of resistance against patriarchy. Her legal defiance against forced cohabitation in child marriage, coupled with her success as a medical professional, marked her as a pioneering figure in India’s women’s rights movement. ☑️Her Key Contributions to Women’s Rights and Social Reform : 1. The Rukhmabai Case: Legal Resistance and National Attention : • Married at the age of 11 but refused to live with her husband as an adult. • Her refusal led to the Rukhmabai Case (1884–1888) — a landmark legal battle on marital consent and women’s agency. •Though the final verdict went against her, the public outrage led to the passing of the Age of Consent Act, 1891, raising the age of consent for girls from 10 to 12 years. Her stand brought the issue of forced child marriage into the national and legislative spotlight. 2. Pioneer in Women’s Education and Medicine : • Became one of the first Indian women to practice Western medicine, inspiring future generations of women doctors. 3. Intellectual Voice and Advocacy • Wrote under the pen name “A Hindu Lady” in newspapers like The Times of India, boldly arguing for women’s rights, education, and against oppressive social customs. • Advocated for reform from within Hindu society, calling for introspection, not just imitation of the West. ☑️Conclusion Dr. Rukhmabai’s legacy lies in the courage to say “no” when silence was the norm. Her contributions remind us that true reform often begins with personal defiance, and her life continues to inspire the ongoing fight for women’s autonomy and dignity in India.