TED Talks - آموزش زبان

🔥پذیرش تحصیلی با آزمون تافل هوم ادیشن و سایر ازمونهای ویژه مهاجرت به کانادا، اروپا و استرالیا در کوتاهترین زمان بصورت تضمینی. برای پاسخ به سوالات خود به پشتیبانی پیام دهید👇👇 پشتیبانی☜  @IELTSCANADAAUSTRALIA

Though, Palmares is no more thousands of other quilombos persist to this day. November 20th, the day of Zumbi’s death, is celebrated across Brazil as the Day of Black Consciousness. But Zumbi was just one of many Palmaristas. We only know some of their names, but their fight for freedom echoes centuries later. #Education #History #Brazil #Slavery #TED_Ed #Animation 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴The kingdom hidden in Brazil During the 1600s, an expansive autonomous settlement called Palmares reached its height in northeastern Brazil. It was founded and led by people escaping from slavery, also called maroons. In fact, it was one of the world’s largest maroon communities, its population reaching beyond 10,000. And its citizens were at constant war with colonial forces. The records we have about Palmares mainly come from biased Dutch and Portuguese sources, but historians have managed to piece much of its story together. During the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, which began in the 1500s, nearly half of all enslaved African people were sent to Portugal’s American colony: Brazil. Some escaped and sought shelter in Brazil’s interior regions, where they formed settlements called mocambos or quilombos. Fugitives from slavery probably arrived in the northeast in the late 1500s. By the 1660s, their camps had consolidated into a powerful confederation known today as the Quilombo of Palmares. It consisted of a central capital linking dozens of villages, which specialized in particular agricultural goods or served as military training grounds. Citizens of Palmares, or Palmaristas, were governed by a king and defended by an organized military. African people and Brazilian-born Black and Indigenous people all came seeking refuge. They collectively fished, hunted, raised livestock, planted orchards, and grew crops like cassava, corn, and sugarcane. They also made use of the abundant palm trees for which Palmares was named, turning palm products into butter, wine, and light. Palmaristas crafted palm husks into pipes and leaves into mats and baskets. They traded some of these goods with Portuguese settlers for products like gunpowder and salt. In turn, settlers avoided Palmares’ raids during which they’d seize weapons and take captives. The Portuguese were concerned with other invading imperialists, but regarded Indigenous uprisings and Palmares as their internal threats. Palmares endangered the very institution of slavery— the foundation of Brazil's economy. During the 1670s, the Portuguese escalated their attacks. By this time, Ganga-Zumba was Palmares’ leader. He ruled from the Macaco, which functioned as the capital. His allies and family members governed the other villages— with women playing crucial roles in operation and defense. As they fought the Portuguese, Palmaristas used the landscape to their advantage. Camouflaged and built in high places, their mocambos offered superior lookouts. They constructed hidden ditches lined with sharp stakes that swallowed unsuspecting soldiers and false roads that led to ambushes. They launched counterattacks under the cover of night and were constantly abandoning and building settlements to elude the Portuguese. In 1678, after years of failed attacks, the Portuguese offered to negotiate a peace treaty with Ganga-Zumba. The terms they agreed upon recognized Palmares’ independence and the freedom of anyone born there. However, the treaty demanded that Palmares pledge loyalty to the crown and return all past and future fugitives from slavery. Many Palmaristas dissented, among them Zumbi— Ganga-Zumba’s nephew— a rising leader himself. Before long, Ganga-Zumba was killed, likely by a group affiliated with his nephew. As Palmares’ new leader, Zumbi rejected the treaty and resumed resistance for another 15 years. But in February of 1694, the Portuguese captured the capital after a devastating siege. Zumbi escaped, but they eventually found and ambushed him. And on November 20th, 1695, Portuguese forces killed Zumbi. His death was not the end of Palmares, but it was a crushing blow. After years of warfare, there were far fewer rebels in the area. Those who remained rallied around new leaders and maintained a presence, however small, through the 1760s.

🔴The kingdom hidden in Brazil #Education #History #Brazil #Slavery #TED_Ed #Animation 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

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Variants within the species will continue to arise. Those variants might drive prior ones to extinction, or not. Regardless of how the variants compete (or don’t), the species itself— to which all the variants belong— is pretty firmly established among humans. If we managed to vaccinate enough people, could we drive SARS-CoV-2 to extinction? Our vaccination campaign against smallpox worked because the vaccine was highly protective against infection and smallpox had no close animal reservoir in which it could hide. But SARS-CoV-2 can hide out in animals, and our current vaccines— while they provide excellent protection against severe illness and death— don't prevent all infections. So, conceivably there are two ways that SARS-CoV-2— the entire species— could go extinct: a cataclysmic disaster could kill us all. We could invent a universal vaccine that prevents all SARS-CoV-2 infections— those caused by all the variants that currently exist and those that don’t. Let's work toward that second option. #Science #Education #Disease #Medicine #Vaccines #Virus #Medical_Research #Pandemic #TED_Ed #Animation #Coronavirus 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴3 ways to end a virus It’s spring 2021. The Alpha variant of the coronavirus has spread rapidly, becoming the dominant variant worldwide. But another, more transmissible variant is about to appear— Delta. What happens when two variants clash? Let’s do a thought experiment. Suppose that the variants reach a hypothetical isolated city of 1 million people who are completely susceptible to both viruses on the same day. When a person here is infected with Alpha, they transmit it to, on average, 5 close contacts, then begin to feel sick and immediately isolate themselves for the rest of the simulation. The same thing happens with Delta, except that an infected person transmits it to, on average, 7.5 close contacts. What would you guess happens next? After six days, Alpha will have infected 15,625 people. Delta will have infected more than 10 times as many. Just 20 hours later, Delta will have infected the rest of the population— all before Alpha could infect 6% of it. With no one left to infect, Alpha dies out. This model is drastically simplified, but it accurately reflects one thing that did happen in real life: when both variants competed, Delta drove Alpha towards extinction in a matter of weeks. Viruses are wildly successful organisms. There are about 100 million times as many virus particles on Earth as there are stars in the observable universe. Even so, viruses can and do go extinct. There are three main ways that can happen. First, a virus could run out of hosts. This might have happened in early 2020 to a flu lineage known as B/Yamagata. When much of the world shut down, social distanced, and wore masks to slow the spread of COVID 19, that dramatically reduced the number of hosts available for B/Yamagata to infect. It’ll take a few more flu seasons to know for sure if it’s truly extinct or just hiding out in an animal reservoir. Many viruses, as part of their life cycle, cause diseases severe enough to kill their hosts. This can be a problem because if a virus kills all its hosts, it could— in theory— run out of hosts to infect and go extinct. This almost happened back in 1950s Australia. At the time, Australia was overrun by the European rabbit— an invasive species— so, in an attempt to control the population, scientists released a virus called myxoma, which had been previously shown to be almost 100% lethal to European rabbits. During the initial outbreak, as planned, tens, perhaps hundreds, of millions of European rabbits died. But as the virus spread, it evolved a series of mutations that happened to make it less deadly, killing rabbits more slowly and killing fewer rabbits overall. With more infected hosts hopping around, this strain of the virus was more likely to spread than its deadlier cousin. And of course, rabbits evolved too, to mount better immune responses. Overall, instead of killing every single rabbit, the virus evolved, the rabbit population bounced back, and both survived. The second way a virus could go extinct is if humans fight back with an effective vaccine— and win. Vaccination campaigns have driven two viruses essentially to extinction since vaccines were invented in the 1800s: smallpox and rinderpest, which kills cattle. More on vaccination later. The third way a virus can go extinct is if it’s outcompeted by another virus or strain, like we saw earlier with Delta and Alpha. By the way, viruses don't always compete with each other. A viral species can carve out its own distinct niche— for example, influenza infects your respiratory tract, and norovirus infects cells in your intestine, so both of these viruses can co-exist. A virus’ ecological niche can be tiny: hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses can infect the same cell— hep B occupies the nucleus, and hep C occupies the cytoplasm. In fact, epidemiologists estimate that 2 to 10% of people with hep C are also infected with hep B. So, will SARS-CoV-2— the species of virus that causes COVID 19— ever go extinct?

🔴3 ways to end a virus #Science #Education #Disease #Medicine #Vaccines #Virus #Medical_Research #Pandemic #TED_Ed #Animation #Coronavirus 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴How puberty changes your brain? While we often talk about puberty’s effect on the body, what gets overlooked are the fascinating changes that happen in the brain. I’ve been sent here to talk to you about puberty. Any questions? During puberty, your reproductive organs grow and mature. Any questions? This ripening allows you to become a sexually mature adult. There are so many other changes to your body that puberty can seem almost magical. I think I'll take it from here. Puberty, in fact, begins in the brain. At some point, usually between the ages of 9 and 14, puberty is triggered when a region known as the hypothalamus releases waves of a specialized hormone. As convenient as it would be to go to sleep a child and wake up an adult, this maturation is slow, and puberty lasts as long as 4 to 5 years. And during this extended process, the brain undergoes its own transformation, thanks to two of puberty’s key players— estrogen and testosterone. Produced in the developing testes and ovaries, these hormones hitch a ride to the brain via the bloodstream. Once there, they interact with receptors on neurons, changing the way the individual cells work and function by making them more or less excitable, altering their growth, or reshaping their connections. Cumulatively, this can change how you feel, think, and behave. For example, hormones remodel and develop the limbic system, a collection of brain regions responsible for emotional behavior. Research in animal models suggests that the amygdala undergoes changes in size and connectivity during puberty. The amygdala’s function is wide-ranging, from detecting threats in your environment, to helping you recognize emotions in your friend’s faces. Its development allows you to better connect with your peers, while priming your brain for learning and discovery. Likewise, puberty organizes and restructures the nucleus accumbens involved in reward and sensation-seeking. Activity in this dopamine hub is thought to drive the pleasurable sensations we feel when doing rewarding activities, like spending time with friends or having new experiences. Several studies have found that as hormone levels increase through puberty, so does the response of the nucleus accumbens. As a result, exploration and social engagement may feel that much more important during adolescence. As these emotion and reward centers rapidly develop, their connections with higher cortical brain regions tend to do so on an extended timeline. These cortical regions, which help impose emotional regulation and impulse control, continue to grow well past puberty, into your 20s. While teens are often unfairly stereotyped as rash or impulsive, research reveals a more complex story. Teens are just as capable as adults of making thoughtful decisions when given the time and space. It’s only during high stress or in the heat of the moment that teens may find it more difficult to manage emotions. Further, this lengthy cortical development allows adolescent brains to remain adaptable as they learn and grow in new situations, form their identities, and build the skill sets needed for adulthood. For all we know about the effects of puberty on the brain, there remain many unanswered questions. What sets off the initial puberty signal in the brain? Why is the average onset of puberty shifting earlier? And, while hormones may seem powerful, they may not be the full story. Experiences you have during adolescence may be just as influential as hormones in shaping and maturing the developing brain. So while all these physical and mental changes can make you feel as if puberty is in control, you have more power than you think. The everyday choices you make, from learning new skills, to being a good friend, to setting boundaries, ultimately steer the path of who you are and will become. Any questions? #Science #Education #Health #Brain #TED_Ed #Animation 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴How puberty changes your brain? #Science #Education #Health #Brain #TED_Ed #Animation 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

Taking the victim’s perspective, accepting responsibility, and making concrete offers of repair are just a few of the elements of a good apology. But remember, apologies aren’t about getting forgiveness and moving on; they’re about expressing remorse and accepting accountability. And the best apologies are just the first step on the road to reconciliation. #Education #Psychology #Relationships #Communication #Mental_Health #TED_Ed #Animation 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴The best way to apologize Over the years, people have come up with some truly awful apologies. From classic non-apologies to evasive excuses, and flimsy corporate promises, it’s all too easy to give a bad apology. But researchers have found that good apologies generally share certain elements and thoughtfully considering these factors can help you make amends in a wide variety of situations. Since public apologies have their own unique complications, we’re going to focus on some person-to-person examples. So, picture this: your new office has free ice cream sandwiches in the communal fridge— or at least that’s what you thought. But on Friday, when you’re helping your co-worker Terence set up another colleague's birthday party, he finds that half the ice cream he bought for the celebration is gone. While this is obviously an embarrassing accident, coming forward and apologizing is still the right thing to do. Understanding and accepting responsibility for your actions is what some researchers call the “centerpiece of an apology.” But it’s okay if this feels difficult and vulnerable— it’s supposed to be! The costly nature of apologies is part of what makes them meaningful. So while you might be tempted to defend your actions as accidental, it’s important to remember that a good apology isn’t about making you feel better. It’s about seeking to understand the perspective of the wronged party and repair the damage to your relationship. This means that while clarifying your intentions non-defensively can be helpful, your mistake being an accident shouldn’t absolve you from offering a sincere apology. But what if your mistake wasn’t an accident? Consider this: you promised your friend Marie that you’ll attend her championship football match. But another friend just called to offer you an extra ticket for your favorite musician's farewell tour. You know this is a once-in-a-lifetime chance, and you can’t pass it up. Plus, you figure Marie wouldn’t mind if you miss the game— she always has plenty of fans supporting her. But the next day, Marie tells you she was really hurt when she didn’t see you in the crowd. You feel terrible for upsetting her and genuinely want to apologize. But while you regret hurting Marie, you’re not actually sure if you made the wrong choice. So how can you reach beyond that terrible non-apology, “I’m sorry YOU feel this way”? In situations like this, it can be easy to focus on rationalizing your actions when you should be working to understand the other person’s perspective. Consider asking Marie how you made them feel to better understand your offense. In this case, Marie might explain that she was disappointed you broke your promise, and she was really counting on your support. This kind of clarity can help you recognize your wrongdoing and honestly accept how your actions caused harm. Then you can frame your apology around addressing her concerns, perhaps by admitting that it was wrong of you to break your promise, and you're sorry you weren't there for her. Clearly acknowledging wrongdoing indicates that you know exactly how you messed up, and it can give Marie faith that you’ll behave differently moving forward. But it’s always helpful to indicate exactly how you’ll change and what you’ll do to repair the damage caused by your offense. Researchers call this the “offer of repair,” and it's often rated as one of the most critical parts of an apology. In some cases, these gestures are straightforward, like offering to replace the ice cream you eat. However, with less tangible transgressions, this might need to be more symbolic, like expressing your love and respect for someone you wronged. One common offer of repair is a verbal commitment not to make the same mistake again, but promising to do better only works if you actually do better.

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🔥پذیرش تحصیلی با آزمون تافل هوم ادیشن و سایر ازمونهای ویژه مهاجرت به کانادا، اروپا و استرالیا در کوتاهترین زمان بصورت تضمینی. برای پاسخ به سوالات خود به پشتیبانی پیام دهید👇👇 پشتیبانی☜  @IELTSCANADAAUSTRALIA

We have Earth system scientists who started looking at the impact we were having on the climate, and the loss of soils and acid rain, and the hole in the ozone layer, and the collapse of species. And they said, hang on. We’ve been ignoring our planet. In the growing to meet human needs, we have ignored the fact that we are deeply dependent on this delicately balanced living planet. It’s the only one we know of out there. And when we use Earth’s resources in such a way that we begin to push ourselves beyond the living capacities of this planet, we are literally undermining the life supporting systems on which we depend. So, hang on, just as there’s an inner limit of resource use, and we call out poverty and deprivation, there’s an outer limit of humanity’s resource use. That’s ecological degradation. And we are breaking down this planet on which we depend. So there you get the doughnut, you get the inside, which is leave nobody behind in the hole. But don’t overshoot the outer ring either. And so the shape of progress is fundamentally changed. It’s no longer this ever rising line exponential growth, that we hear about in the financial news all the time. It’s balance. To me, a source of real hope is that we deeply understand this at the level of our body. You go to the doctor, the doctor will say, have enough food, but not too much, enough water, oxygen, exercise, sleep, anything you like— have enough, but not too much. Our health lies in balance. And if we can take that metaphor from the human body to the planetary body, we give ourselves a cracking chance of understanding the deep interdependence of our world. #Economics #Education #Poverty #TED_Ed #Resources #Natural_Resources #Animation 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴How do we create a better economy? What does it mean for a country to have a healthy economy? What does a healthy economy even look like? Does it look like this? What about like this? Economist Kate Raworth shared a pretty interesting answer to this question on the TED Interview podcast. And it challenges an idea that most economists take for granted. We live— particularly in the West, particularly in the last 150 years— in a society that has a very strong belief that growth is the sign of progress. And to a certain extent, it’s true. We love to see our kids grow. We love to see nature growing in spring. Growth is a wonderful, healthy phase of life. But in our economies, it’s like we’ve turned to Peter Pan economics— the economy that never wanted to grow up. It wanted to grow and grow and grow forever. And it becomes this permanent phase. But we already know, in our own bodies, in our own lives, that there’s another side to this metaphor of growth that we love so much. If I told you, my friend had gone to the doctor, and the doctor told her she had a growth, that already feels completely different. Because in the space of our own bodies, we know that when something tries to grow endlessly within this healthy, dynamic living whole, it is a threat to the health of the whole, and we do everything we can to stop it. But when we step into our economies, for some reason, we think that endless growth is progress. And we are now running into severe problems because we are addicted to endless growth Simon Kuznets, he was asked in the 1930s by US Congress to come up, for the first time, with a single number to measure the output of the economy. America could say we produced so many tons of steel and so many bags of grain— but can we add it all together? So they commissioned him to do this and he said, “Yes, I can. I can add it all together in one number.” National income, what we now know as GDP— but he gave it with a caveat. He said the welfare of a nation can scarcely be known from this number, don’t mix it up with welfare, right? Because it tells us nothing about the unpaid caring work of parents, tells us nothing about the value that’s created in communities, because that’s not priced, and it’s a measure of the flow of economic value. It tells us nothing about the living world, the forests, the mines that get run down in order to create this value. But the convenience, the temptation, of this single number was so great that politicians sort of tucked it in their armpit and carried right on. And we ended up in a horse race of pursuing GDP growth. The dream is that GDP can keep on increasing, we can have increasing financial returns, but that we can decouple from using Earth’s resources. We can use less carbon and less metals, and minerals and plastics, and we can use less of the Earth’s land surface, and separate these two: ever rising GDP and falling resource use. It’s a fabulous dream; would that it would be true. We are at a time of climate emergency, of ecosystem collapse. We need to radically reduce our use of Earth’s resources, and we're nowhere close to that. So I offer it as a compass for 21st century prosperity. And this compass, silly though it sounds, it looks like a doughnut with the hole in the middle. So imagine from the center of it, humanity’s use of Earth’s resources radiating out from the middle of that picture. So in the hole, in the middle of the doughnut, that is the place where people don’t have enough resources to meet the essentials of life. It’s where people don’t have enough food or health care, or education or housing or gender equality or political voice or access to energy. And we want to leave nobody in that hole. We want to get everybody over a social foundation of well-being, so all people on this planet can lead lives of dignity and opportunity and community. And in low income countries, it absolutely makes sense, yes, let’s see the economy grow in ways that invest in health and education and transport for all. That was a very 20th century project. We're in the 21st century.

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