Commerce Optional (UPSC-IAS)
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Best Channel for Commerce Optional student of UPSC( IAS) 2025 and 2026 Benefits 1. Daily Commerce optional updates 2. Current affairs related with Commerce optional 3. Summary notes 4. Value added notes For test series Contact at @csgurukul
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Continuum of Leadership Behaviour
• The leadership continuum was originally written in 1958 by Tannenbaum
and Schmidt and was later updated in the year 1973.
• Their work suggests a continuum of possible leadership behavior available
to a manager and along which many leadership styles may be placed.
• The continuum presents a range of action related to the degree of
authority used by the manager and to the area of freedom available to
non-managers in arriving at decisions.
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Trait Theory of Leadership
• The trait model of leadership is based on the characteristics of
many leaders - both successful and unsuccessful - and is used
to predict leadership effectiveness.
• The resulting lists of traits are then compared to those of
potential leaders to assess their likelihood of success or failure.
• Scholars taking the trait approach attempted to identify
physiological (appearance, height, and weight), demographic
(age, education and socioeconomic background), personality,
self-confidence, and aggressiveness), intellective (intelligence,
decisiveness, judgment, and knowledge), task-related
(achievement drive, initiative, and persistence), and social
characteristics (sociability and cooperativeness) with leader
emergence and leader effectiveness.
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Strengths/Advantages of Trait Theory
1. It is naturally pleasing theory.
2. It is valid as lot of research has validated the foundation and
basis of the theory.
3. It serves as a yardstick against which the leadership traits of an
individual can be assessed.
4. It gives a detailed knowledge and understanding of the leader
element in the leadership process.
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Integrated Guidance program for UPSC
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Quality of work life involves three major parts:
1. Occupational health care:
Safe work environment provides the basis for people to enjoy his work. The work should not pose health hazards for the employees.
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2. Suitable working time:
Companies should observe the number of working hours and the standard limits on overtime, time of vacation and taking free days before national holidays.
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3. Appropriate salary:
The employee and the employer agree upon appropriate salary. The Government establishes the rate of minimum salary; the employer should not pay less than that to the employee. Work represents a role which a person has designated to himself. On the one hand, work earns one’s living for the family, on the other hand, it is a self-realization that provides enjoyment and satisfaction.
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✅Quality of Work Life (QWL) is a relatively new concept which is defined as the overall quality of an individual's working life.
✅QWL is sometimes considered as a sub-concept of the broad concept ofquality of life, which refers to the overall quality of an individual'slife.
