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پستهای کانال
| 2 | A 56-year-old man presented with mild neck pain and a burning sensation in the middle finger. He had no other symptoms and no chronic illnesses. The triceps reflex is weak. The slipped disc is suspected at which of the following level? | 163 |
| 3 | Today's question | 162 |
| 4 | Answer : B
• Para sympathetic flow is craniosacral flow carried by cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 and the sacral nerves S-2,3,4.
• These nerves carry the preganglionic fibers to their respective ganglia." | 163 |
| 5 | Select one | 169 |
| 6 | A 23-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a deep, bleeding stab wound of the pelvis. After the bleeding has been arrested, an MRI examination shows that the right ventral primary ramus of L4 has been transected. Which problems will most likely be seen during a physical examination? | 139 |
| 7 | Today's question | 135 |
| 8 | Answer :- D :- Shigella
• Shigella is a non-motile (atrichous) microorganism and belongs to the family of Enterobacteriaceae.
• All the members of this Enterobacteriaceae family are motile, except:
• Shigella
• Klebsie a
• Atypical E. Coli
• Salmonella Gallinarum
• Salmonella Pullorum
• Yersinia Pestis
• Other examples of atrichous bacteria include:
• Cocci
• Lactobacillus
• Pasteurella" | 141 |
| 9 | Answer | 115 |
| 10 | Select one | 160 |
| 11 | "The innervation of the upper limb involves the brachial plexus. It lies in the posterior triangle of the neck, at the angle between the clavicle and the lower posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid. It emerges between the scaleni anterior and medius, superior to the third part of the subclavian artery. It is covered by platysma, deep fascia and skin, through which it is palpable. Which of the following statements is/are true about the brachial plexus?
A. Lower trunk is formed by root C8 and T1
B. Lateral cord is formed by the upper and middle trunk
C. Posterior cord is formed by posterior divisions of all three trunks
D. C4 root is post-fixed to plexus" | 147 |
| 12 | Today's question | 123 |
| 13 | Answer :- C
"• Emphysema is a disease characterized by dilation of the alveolar spaces and destruction of the alveolar walls.
• With their loss, much of the lung's elastic recoil is also lost.
• To perform spirometry, the patient takes the biggest breath possible and blows it out as fast as possible.
This is called a forced exhalation maneuver.
During this procedure, the total volume of air the patient can exhale in one breath is measured; this is the FVC.
• The amount of air that the patient can exhale in the first second is also measured; this is the FEV1.
• Each is measured in litre and is reported as a per cent predicted for that patient.
• The per cent predicted is based on reference values that consider the patient's age, sex and race.
• The FVC is a measure of the amount of air the lungs hold. The FEV1 is a measure of how easily air flows
through the lungs.
• FEV1 and FVC =reduced in emphysema.
• Compliance of the lung in emphysema is significantly above normal; the lung becomes easy to distend but empties slowly.
• This results in a chronically overinflated lung (high total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, and residua volume). which essens the curvature of the
diaphragm, making it less efficient in generating even the small swings in pleural pressure necessary for breathing.
• Pulmonary function tests on a patient with emphysema will reveal a compromised expiratory flow (due to their low lung recoil), including a low FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC ratio." | 161 |
| 14 | Select one | 140 |
| 15 | "Emphysema is a lung condition in which the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged. The inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones.
Which Pulmonary function parameter is decreased in emphysema?" | 146 |
| 16 | Today's question | 162 |
| 17 | Answer :- option D
"Option D: Controls the rate of formation of 1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol
• The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).
• Its main action is to mobilize calcium from bone and increase urinary phosphate excretion. This is done by regulating intestinal reabsorption, renal excretion, and exchange between the extracellular fluid and bone of these ions.
• PTH is synthesized as a preprohormone, a polypeptide chain of 110 amino acids, and cleaved to form the active hormone.
• PTH increases plasma calcium and decreases plasma phosphate levels. These effects are brought about by:
• Increased calcium and phosphate absorption from the bone.
• The rapid effect of PTH decreases the excretion of calcium by the kidneys.
• The strong effect of PTH is to increase renal phosphate excretion, which overrides the increased phosphate absorption, resulting in a net decrease in plasma phosphate levels.
• Parathyroid hormone acts in the renal cortex to stimulate the reaction forming 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol from 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol. The 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol is the active form of Vitamin D that acts on the intestinal tract by increasing the formation of calbindin, a calcium-binding protein that aids in calcium absorption." | 220 |
| 18 | Select one | 160 |
| 19 | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted primarily by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands. The metabolism of bones, calcium, and phosphate is controlled by the direct and indirect actions of the parathyroid hormone. Which of the following are the direct actions of PTH? | 160 |
| 20 | Today's question | 158 |
