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Drug of choice for respiratory system

📢 UPSMFAC Announces Entrance Exam Session 2025-26 for GNM Course! 📢 Aspiring Nurses, Get Ready! UP state medical faculty is thrilled to announce the upcoming entrance exam session for the GNM Course (General Nursing and Midwifery) for the academic year 2025-26

Happy Diwali to all🎆🎇🎇

Urinary System Nephrology is the scientific study of kidney. Orology 1s the scientific study of male and female urinary system and male reproductive system. ne urinary system is one of the major excretory system of body consist ot following structures- o Two kidneys - Urine formation. O Two ureter- Convey urine from kidney to bladder o One bladder-Temporarily collect and store urine. o One urethra - Convey urine from bladder to exterior Other excretory system/organs are GIT (feces), lungs, skin and ihver (heavy nctls, uugS, lOXins etc., through ugh bile). Functions of urinary system or kidney Excretion of waste products Kidney excretes waste products like ammonia & urea (metabolism of protein) uric acid (metabolism of nucleie acid e.g. DNA & RNA), creatinine (metabolism of phosphocreatine of muscles fibers) & bilirubin (destruction of Hb). Production of hormones Hormones produced by kidney are erythropoietin (secreted by renal tubular cells), rennin (secreted by Juxtaglomerular cells into wall of afferent arteriole) & 1, 25 dihydroxy-cholecalciferol. Regulation of blood pH o Blood pH regulated by excretion of H into urine & retention or synthesis of HCO; from renal tubules. Regulation of clectrolyte and blood osmolarity O Kidaey maintains homeostasis of Na, K, CI, HPO4", Catt ete. O It also maintains constant blood osmolarity (total number of dissolved particles per liter of solution) close to 290 milliosmoles/liter Regulation of blood volume and BP O By conserving or elimination of water and sodium in the urine by secreting renin. Kidney Location lt situated on either side of vertebral column from Ti2 to Li. below the diaphragm, behind the peritoneum (so it called retroperitoneal organ) and between the level of 11" and 12" pair of ribs. Right kidney situated slightly lower than left kidney because liver situated into right side. Some grOss features of kidney are- Shape (bean shape), Measurement (12 x6x 3 cm), Weight (135-150gm) and Colour (redaisn) Gross Structure of Kidney Three area of tissue can be seened by naked eye in a longitudinal section of kidney, tiey au () Fibrous Capsule or Renal Capsule OA layer of connective & fatty tissue surrounding the kidney. O proteets the kidney from trauma, maintain shape and anchor from surrounding issuc