Contemplation IAS

(UPSC CSE - 2023) Consider the following statements in respect of the Constitution Day: Statement-I: The Constitution Day is celebrated on 26th November every year to promote constitutional values among citizens. Statement-II: On 26th November, 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution of India. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Paper-1st: History Question: Was the rise of the Mahajanapadas the main reason for the change that took place in the sixth century BCE? Analysis Taxes. Answer: The Mahajanapadas were a group of states that emerged as a large empire. These states were different from the earlier tribal republics and represented a shift towards centralised power. Scholars have identified 16 janapadas as Mahajanapadas. The most prominent Mahajanapadas include Magadha, Gandhara, Kuru, Kosala, Kashi, Vatsa, Surasena, Panchala, Anga, Avanti and Vajji. Reasons for the rise of Mahajanapadas: •Tribes began to settle in different areas. •New agricultural implements and tools enabled farmers to produce much more food than they consumed. •The king levied taxes on agricultural surplus and maintained law and order in the hierarchical society through force and pressure. The rise of many categories of people, such as Gahapatis, traders, settlers, etc., who were engaged in various activities and occupations Significance of the Rise of Mahajanapadas: •Initiated the rise of large territorial states in ancient India. •There was also a shift towards urbanisation. Many of these states had capital cities •Political alliances were formed between various states. •Growth of trade and commerce •Mahajanapadas also played an important role in the spread of Buddhism and Jainism, with many of the Mahajanapadas being centres of learning and culture. Many of the political, social and economic structures that emerged during this period continued to shape Indian society for centuries to come.  

Paper-1st: History प्रश्न: क्या महाजनपदों का उदय छठी शताब्दी ईश्वि पूर्व में होने वाले परिवर्तन का मुख्य कारण था। विश्लेषण करों। उत्तर: महाजनपद राज्यों का एक समूह था जो एक बड़े साम्राज्य के रूप में उभरा। ये राज्य पहले के जनजातीय गणराज्यों से अलग थे और केंद्रीकृत सत्ता की ओर बदलाव को दर्शाते थे। विद्वानों ने 16 जनपदों को महाजनपद बताएं है। सबसे प्रमुख महाजनपदों में मगध, गांधार, कुरु, कोसल, काशी, वत्स, सुरसेन, पंचाल, अंग, अवंती और वज्जि शामिल हैं। महाजनपद के उदय के कारण: •जनजातियां विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में बसने लगे । •नये कृषि उपकरणों और औजारों ने किसानों को उनकी खपत की अपेक्षा कहीं अधिक खाद्यान्न पैदा करने में सक्षम बनाया। •राजा कृषि अधिशेष पर कर लगाता था तथा बल और दबाव के माध्यम से पदानुक्रमित समाज में कानून और व्यवस्था बनाए रखता था। कई श्रेणियों के लोगों का उदय, जैसे कि गहपति, व्यापारी, बसने वाले, आदि, जो विभिन्न गतिविधियों और व्यवसायों में लगे हुए थे महाजनपद के उदय का महत्व: •प्राचीन भारत में बड़े प्रादेशिक राज्यों के उदय की शुरुआत की। •शहरीकरण की ओर भी बदलाव हुआ। इनमें से कई राज्यों की राजधानी शहर थे •विभिन्न राज्यों के बीच राजनीतिक गठबंधनों का गठन हुआ। •व्यापार और वाणिज्य का विकास •महाजनपदों ने बौद्ध धर्म और जैन धर्म के प्रसार में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई, जिनमें से कई महाजनपद शिक्षा और संस्कृति के केंद्र थे। इस अवधि के दौरान उभरी कई राजनीतिक, सामाजिक और आर्थिक संरचनाओं ने आने वाली सदियों तक भारतीय समाज को आकार देना जारी रखा।  

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