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Short LECTURETTE on : INDIA PAKISTAN RELATIONS https://youtu.be/rpLas_C_Rqs

3 minutes SSB LECTURETTE on : INDIA MALDIVES RELATIONSHIP https://youtu.be/Y3SmrZSdfiA

3 minutes SSB LECTURETTE on : INDIA ISRAEL RELATIONSHIP https://youtu.be/OrBtMW-Qxk0

National Integration: -Indian society which is filled with diversities is unified by certain emotional forces. This is the process of national integration. -The main objective of national integration is to encounter all fissiparious forces. -National integration is the creation of a feeling of oneness where the diversities are recognised and respected by imbibing a sense of nationhood. -The three basic factors of national integration 1. Structural equality 2. Cultural unity 3. Ideological unity Challenges: 1.Regionalism :Regionalism gives more importance to one’s own region than to one’s nation. When regionalism is linked with language and religion it creates regional interests rather than national interests. 2.Casteism: Casteism is a divisive force. One section considers another section as inferior. They are exploited. Positions and opportunities are monopolised by a particular section. It creates enmity among the other castes. 3.Communalism:Excessive affinity to one's own religion transforms into hatred towards other religions. Thus religious fanaticism arises. 4.Linguistic Claims:We have seen that the Indian constitution recognises 22 languages. Hindi is the official language and English is the link language.When India became free the decision to make Hindi the national language was opposed by people of many other languages. 5.Extremism :Extremism is the act of spreading fear by threatening the people through illegal means to obtain selfish interests. It ignores human values. -- National integration fosters nationalism. It is opposed to communalism, linguistic jingoism, regionalism and similar fissiparous forces. --India observes 19th November,the birthday of former PM,Indira Gandhi as National Integration Day. Factors promoting National Integration: 1.Our Constitution is the most important force that promotes it.All citizens are equal before law. Privileges based on birth have been abolished. No consideration is given to religion, language, caste, race or religion. The constitution recognised that the diversities in India are to be maintained and for that decentralisation is necessary. 2.National Symbols : National Symbols like National Anthem,National Flag,National Emblem help to remind us unity.They act as strong unifying force. 3.Expression of Nationalism:We express our patriotism and nationalism by commemorating the heroic deeds of the freedom fighters and other martyrs who worked hard for the sake of our country. 4.National Festivals: Independence Day,Republic Day,Gandhi Jayanti are festivals that are celebrated by all Indians and in all parts of our country regardless of languages,religion or culture. 5.Secularism :India is a secular state. India has no state religion as in the case of many other countries. Each religion has the freedom to follow its rites and propagate them. All religions are considered equal and are respected. 6.Other forces like geographical factors,cultural factors,social factors , communication system and mass media help in the exposure to all the cultures of different regions of India.Thus bringing the whole country together as a nation. Conclusion : To overcome such forces which are against National Integration,there are many programmes and plans for it.Education can become a very powerful instrument or national unity provided that it's used in the right manner.Hence we would forward the Unity in Diversity which us being followed from centuries in our country. Join i> @dailynewscom

#Important_notes_ssb_Lecturette Indus Water Treaty {2/2} Changing Perspectives in India: ●Every now and then, there is an uproar in India for abrogating the IWT as a response to Pakistan’s cross-border terrorism and tenacity. ●Abrogating IWT would require a number of politico-diplomatic and hydrological factors to be determined and also a political consensus. ●Terror attacks in Indian Parliament in 2001, Mumbai in 2008, and the incidents in Uri in 2016 and Pulwama in 2019 could have prompted India, within the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, to withdraw from the IWT. However, on each occasion, India chose not to do so. ●Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, an international agreement governing treaties between states that was drafted by the International Law Commission of the United Nations. ●It was adopted in 1969 and entered into force in January 1980. ●It is because India respects its signature and values trans-boundary rivers as an important connector in the region in terms of both diplomacy and economic prosperity. ●However, in light of India being hesitant to abrogate the treaty, there have been suggestions to modify it. ●Currently, with a new set of hydrological realities, advanced engineering methods in dam construction and de-siltation, there is an urgent need to modify the treaty. ●Article XII of the IWT says that it “may from time to time be modified” but carefully notes “by a duly ratified treaty concluded for that purpose between the two governments”. ●Pakistan will see no merit in any modification, having already got a good deal in 1960. ●India’s best option, therefore, would be to optimise the provisions of the treaty. ●On the developments on western rivers, the permissible storage capacity on the western rivers needs to be urgently utilised. Out of the total estimated capacity of 11406 MW electricity that can be harnessed from the three western rivers in Kashmir, only 3034 MW has been tapped so far, which also needs to be looked into. ●Tulbul Navigation project on Jhelum, Ratle and Bagliha hydro projects on Chenab, Bursar hydroelectric project on one of the tributaries of the Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir are few of the projects to utilise the waters of western rivers. ●Bursar, once completed, will be India’s first project on the western rivers to have storage infrastructure. ●India has fast-tracked the work on Shahpur Kandi dam project, a second Sutlej-Beas link in Punjab and the Ujh Dam project in Jammu and Kashmir to fully utilise the waters of eastern rivers. Way Forward ◆The role of India, as a responsible upper riparian abiding by the provisions of the treaty, has been remarkable but the country is under pressure to rethink the extent to which it can remain committed to the provisions, as its overall political relations with Pakistan becomes intractable. ◆IWT is often cited as an example of the possibilities of peaceful coexistence that exist despite the troubled relationship between both neighbouring countries. Join >> @dailynewscom

#Important_notes_ssb_Lecturette Indus Water Treaty {1/2} ◆Recently The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) between India and Pakistan marks its 60th anniversary on 19th September 2020. ◆The Indus system comprises the main Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. The basin is mainly shared by India and Pakistan with a small share for China and Afghanistan. ◆With the partition of India in 1947, waters of Indus rivers system were also divided. ◆The sharing formula, devised after prolonged negotiations, sliced the Indus system into two halves. The three ‘western rivers’ (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab) went to Pakistan and the three ‘eastern rivers’ (Sutlej, Ravi and Beas) were portioned to India. ◆India is allowed to use 20% water of the western rivers for irrigation, power generation and transport purposes. ◆IWT granted 3.6 million acre-feet (MAF) of “permissible storage capacity” to India on the western rivers but due to poor water development projects, 2-3 MAF of water easily flows into Pakistan. ◆It seemed equitable but India conceded 80.52% of the aggregate water flows in the Indus system to Pakistan and also gave Rs. 83 crore in pounds sterling to Pakistan to help build replacement canals from the western rivers. ◆India conceded its upper riparian position on the western rivers for the complete rights on the eastern rivers. ◆It was important to get the waters of the ‘eastern rivers’ for the Indira Gandhi Canal in Rajasthan (starts from the Harike Barrage, a few kilometers below the confluence of the Satluj and Beas rivers) and the Bhakra Dam (on the Sutlej River in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh) without which both Punjab and Rajasthan would be left dry, severely hampering India’s food production. ◆The World Bank, as the third party, played a pivotal role in crafting the IWT. Pakistan’s Responses: ●The Pakistan leadership considers the sharing of the waters with India an unfinished business. ●Pakistan is not comfortable with the fact that India got away with the total flow of 33 million acre-feet on the eastern rivers, while it had to share the waters of western rivers. ●Being a lower riparian state, Pakistan’s scepticism of India allows it to increasingly politicise the issue. It maintains high troop levels and alertness around the canals on the eastern front, fearing that India will try to take control of the western rivers. Join >> @dailynewscom

LECTURETTE - https://youtu.be/fLehuBis5X0

INDUS WATER TREATY TURNS 60 September 19 this year marks the 60th anniversary of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) between India and Pakistan. Indus Waters Treaty, 1960 The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank signed in Karachi in 1960. According to this agreement, control over the water flowing in three "eastern" rivers of India the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej was given to India The control over the water flowing in three "western" rivers of India the Indus, the Chenab and the Jhelum was given to Pakistan The treaty allowed India to use western rivers water for limited irrigation use and unrestricted use for power generation, domestic, industrial and non-consumptive uses such as navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc. while laying down precise regulations for India to build projects India has also been given the right to generate hydroelectricity through the run of the river (RoR) projects on the Western Rivers which, subject to specific criteria for design and operation is unrestricted. Based on equitable water-sharing Back in time, partitioning the Indus rivers system was inevitable after the Partition of India in 1947. The sharing formula devised after prolonged negotiations sliced the Indus system into two halves. Equitable it may have seemed, but the fact remained that India conceded 80.52 per cent of the aggregate water flows in the Indus system to Pakistan. It also gave Rs 83 crore in pounds sterling to Pakistan to help build replacement canals from the western rivers. Such generosity is unusual of an upper riparian. India conceded its upper riparian position on the western rivers for the complete rights on the eastern rivers. Water was critical for India's development plans. India plays resilient That the treaty has remained "uninterrupted" is because India respects its signatory and values trans-boundary Rivers as an important connector in the region in terms of both diplomacy and economic prosperity. There have been several instances of terror attacks which could have prompted India, within the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, to withdraw from the IWT. However, on each occasion, India chose not to do so. Significance of the treaty It is a treaty that is often cited as an example of the possibilities of peaceful coexistence that exist despite the troubled relationship. Well-wishers of the treaty often dub it "uninterrupted and uninterruptible". The World Bank, which, as the third party, played a pivotal role in crafting the IWT, continues to take particular pride that the treaty functions. Need for a rethink The role of India, as a responsible upper riparian abiding by the provisions of the treaty, has been remarkable. However, of late, India is under pressure to rethink the extent to which it can remain committed to the provisions, as its overall political relations with Pakistan becomes intractable. 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @dailynewscom

ROLE FOR INDIA IN AFGHAN PEACE PUSH The U.S. objectives Following 4 were the states as objectives of the Afghan peace process. 1) An end to violence by declaring a ceasefire. 2) An intra-Afghan dialogue for a lasting peace. 3) The Taliban cutting ties with terrorist organisations such as al Qaeda. 4) U.S. troop withdrawal. Evolving Indian stand in the peace process India's vision of a sovereign, united, stable, plural and democratic Afghanistan is one that is shared by a large constituency in Afghanistan, cutting across ethnic and provincial lines. At Doha meeting, India's External Affairs Ministerreiterated that the peace process must be "Afghan led, Afghan owned and Afghan controlled". But Indian policy has evolved from its earlier hands-off approach to the Taliban. U.S. and Russian representatives suggested if India had concerns regarding anti-India activities of terrorist groups, it must engage directly with the Taliban. In other words. Limited interest of the major powers Major powers have limited interests in the peace process. The European Union has made it clear that its financial contribution will depend on the security environment and the human rights record. China can always lean on Pakistan to preserve its security and connectivity interests. For Russia, blocking the drug supply and keeping its southern periphery secure from extremist influences is key. That is why no major power is taking ownership for the reconciliation talks, but merely content with being facilitators. Conclusion A more active engagement will enable India to work with like-minded forces in the region to ensure that the vacuum created by the U.S. withdrawal does not lead to an unravelling of the gains registered during the last two decades. 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @dailynewscom

INDO CHINA RELATIONS IS MOST LIKELY TO COME IN GD AS WELL AS LECTURETTE. AND THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR PERSONAL INTERVIEW TOO.