Alehssan First year Library

#Exams #امتحانات 👇👇👇

شيت دكتورة اعتماد زيت الكورس كلو 💓👇

🔷🔹sympathomimetics: 🔸def : pharmacological agent that mimics the effects of stimulation of organs and structures by the sympathetic nervous system. 🔸Functions : by occupying adrenergic receptor sites and acting as an agonist or by increasing the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine at postganglionic nerve endings sympathomimetic agents are used as decongestants of nasal and ocular mucosa, such as bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma and vasopressors and cardiac stimulants in the treatment of acute hypotension and shock; they are also used for maintaining normal blood pressure during operations using spinal anesthesia 🔸Drugs in this group include cyclopentamine, DOBUTamine, DOPamine, norepinephrine. 🔸Side effects of sympathomimetic drugs may be : -nervousness. -sever headache. -anxiety -vertigo. -nausea & vomiting. -dilated pupils -glycosuria & dysuria. 🔷🔹Sympatholytic: 🔸 Def: blocking transmission of impulses from the adrenergic (sympathetic) postganglionic fibers to effector organs or tissues. So antiadrenergic 🔸Functions: inhibiting such sympathetic functions as smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion. 🔵 Thanx 🔴 Group 3 💢 Ahmed & Wafa 💢

💢ANS💢 🔴There are 2 ways to control the body functions : a,Nervous system b,endocrine system 🔵The Nervous system is divided to : a,peripheral nervous system b,central nervous system 🔺The central nervous system ➡️brain and spinal cord 🔺The peripheral nervous system is divided to a,somatic nervous system b,autonomic nervous system which is divided to sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric nervous system 🔵There are many differences between the ANS and Somatic NS 🔹ANS: 1/ control the smooth and cardiac muscle 2/control involuntary functions 3/ two neurons connected the CNS to the organ. 🔹Somatic Nervous System: 1/control the voluntary function 2/control the skeletal muscles 3/one neuron connected the CNS to the organ. ⭕️The are 3 types of neurons in CNS : 1⃣ adrenergic neurons : _it release norepinephrine _the receptor of it is called adrenoreceptor 2⃣ cholinergic neurons : _it release acetylcholine _the receptor of it is called cholinoreceptor 3⃣Non cholinergic non adrenergic neurons : _It found in G.I.T _It release Nitric Oxide, substance b, vasoactive intestinal peptide ⭕️⭕️ Important Note ⭕️⭕️ 🔺All the preganglionic autonomic nervous system ➡️ cholinergic 🔺the postganglionic autonomic nervous system is cholinergic and adrenergic *most of the postganglionic ANS of the parasympathetic ➡️ cholinergic * most of the postganglionic ANS of the sympathetic ➡️ adrenergic " there are some exception like sweet glands it is cholinergic " ⭕️⭕️🚫 Sympathetic Nervous System :- 🔅fight and flight 🔅It stimulated by " exercise _ excitement _ emergency _ embarrassemenrt " 🔵 a1, a2 , b1 , b2 the receptors of the sympathetic nervous system 🔵 The sympathetic nervous system is originate from the thoracic and upper 3 lumber vertebra so it called thoracolumber out flow 🔴The action of sympathetic nervous system: 1/⬆️ heart rate 2/⬆️cardiac out put 3/redistribution of the blood to skeletal muscles 4/dilation of air way 5/⬇️G.I.T motility 6/⬆️blood glucose Conesentration 7/lipolysis 8/pupillary dialation ⭕️⭕️🚫 Parasympathetic nervous system : 🔅Rest and digest 🔅It stimulated by " salivation _ lachrymation _ urination _ digestion _ defecation " ** the parasympathetic nervous system conserve the energy to be utilized in the emergency 🔵 muscarinic receptors ➡️ the receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system 🔵 the parasympathetic nervous system is originate from 1⃣Cranial nerves a. Oculomotor nerve "3th" b. Facial nerve " 7th" c. Glossopharyngial nerve "9th" d. Vagus nerve "10th" 2⃣ sacral nerve S2 S3 S4 "sciatic nerves " ** so it called craniosacral out flow 🔴 The action of parasympathetic nervous system: 1/ ⬇️ heart rate 2/ ⬇️ cardiac out put 3/ ⬆️motility of G.I.T 4/ ⬆️ salivation 5/ erection to the penis 6/ contraction to the bronchioles ⭕️⭕️⭕ANS receptors: 1⃣ Acetylcholine receptors :- a, Nicotin receptors : _ stimulated by small amount of nicotine _ found in following side 1/ sympathetic ganglion 2/ parasympathetic ganglion 3/ brain 4/ Adrenal medulla 5/ neuromuscular junction b,Muscarinic receptors Stimulated by small amount of Muscarine It found in the brain and other organ 2⃣Noradrenaline receptors 1/ Alpha receptors :- 🔅 Site for the receptors : a, Alpha 1 : Blood vessels , sphincters b, Alpha 2 : Pancreas , presynaptic members 2/ Beta receptors :- 🔅 sites of beta receptors: a, beta 1 : Heart , adipose tissue , renin secreting cells b, beta 2 : Bronchu , uterus , pancreas c,beta 3: Adipose tissue 🔵Thanks 🔴Group 3 💢Ahmed & Wafa💢

🍂15/july 🔴What is bioavailability 🔵It is the rate and extent to which an administered drug reach the systemic circulation 🔴factors that affect bioavailability ❓ 🔵1) First mitabolic pass way 2 ) solubility pf drug 3) chemical instability 4) Nature of the drug formulattion 🔴what is the difference between Bioequivelance and therapeutic equivalence ❓ 🔵Bioequivelance : Tow drugs have comparable bioavailability and reach their peak concentration at the same time -Therapeutic equivalence : Tow drugs have the same Bioequivelance + same dosage + same active ingredients +use at the same route of administration + similar clinical and safety profile 🔴Weak acid Protonated and Weak base Protonated Which one can penetrate the cell membrane ❓ 🔵weak acid protonated Because it's not have charge 🔴therapeutic index is ❓ 🔵the therapeutic index (TI) (also referred to as therapeutic window or safety window or sometimes as therapeutic ratio) is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity. 🔴the relationship between ph in the site of absorption and absorption of the drug ? 🔵 1)In pk of drug = pH of the site of absorption : The Protonated = unprotonated 2) pk > pH High Protonated 3) pk < pH High unProtonated # and remember that Protonated weak acid penetrate the membrane while the Protonated weak base does not penetrate .. And vise versa #

1- What is the pharmacokinatics ??? It,s action of the body on the drug this include absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. 2-What I mean when I said kinetics of the drug؟؟. kinatics mean movement *kinasia*.. generally mean process need power to perform it . sush as absorbtion . .. 3- Definition of : Absorption? Its transfer of the drug from site of adminstration to BS. 4- Mechanism of absorption? Passive and facilitated diffusion ,endocytosis Endocytosis And active transport. 5- Absorption depend on what ? 1- enviroment : where the drug is absorbed. 2- chemical properties of drug 3- rout of administration. 6- which kind of drug can passe through endocytosis؟ Vitamin B12. 7- How exocytosis happen?? *There are substant that storage in endogenous vacules and the cell release it by exocytosis . Like: Neurotransmitters *I think the administration of the neurotransmitter allow it to store in nerve endings But when the body need it ,it released to the blood stream ( absorption). 8- Factors that influencing absorption? *blood flow *total surface area *contact time at absorption surface *and the PH. * expression of p- glycoprotein. 9- what is the PKa????? *PKa: is measure of the strength of interaction of a compound with a proton. low PKa :more acidic drug High PKa: more basic drug It refer to PH of the medium of absorbtion. 10- what is the more efficient site of absorption? *intestin because it has: long surface area ( microvilli). rich blood flow The last one : why I need to describe the kinetics of drug ? to know the speed of onset of drug action ,intensity of the drug's effect , duration of drug action and study movement of of the drug from entring the body antill be execrited.

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