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🩸 HOW TO INTERPRET CBC 📚 Complete Blood Count — An Easy Stepwise Clinical Guide 💡 CBC (Complete Blood Count) is one of the most commonly ordered investigations. A systematic approach can help identify anemia, infection, inflammation, hematological disorders, and platelet abnormalities. 👉 Easy mnemonic: “RWP” Red Cells → White Cells → Platelets 1️⃣ STEP 1: LOOK AT HEMOGLOBIN (Hb) 🔹 Low Hb → Anemia 🔹 High Hb → Consider: ▪️ Dehydration ▪️ Chronic hypoxia ▪️ Erythrocytosis/polycythemia 2️⃣ STEP 2: LOOK AT MCV 🧠 Mnemonic: “Micro → Normo → Macro” 🔵 MCV <80 fL → MICROCYTIC ANEMIA Common causes: ▪️ Iron deficiency anemia ⭐ ▪️ Thalassemia ▪️ Anemia of chronic disease ▪️ Sideroblastic anemia ▪️ Lead poisoning 🧠 Mnemonic: “TAILS” T → Thalassemia A → Anemia of chronic disease I → Iron deficiency L → Lead poisoning S → Sideroblastic anemia 🟢 MCV 80–100 fL → NORMOCYTIC ANEMIA Think of: ▪️ Acute blood loss ▪️ Hemolysis ▪️ CKD ▪️ Early iron deficiency ▪️ Anemia of chronic disease 🟣 MCV >100 fL → MACROCYTIC ANEMIA Think of: ▪️ Vitamin B12 deficiency ▪️ Folate deficiency ▪️ Liver disease ▪️ Alcohol ▪️ Hypothyroidism ▪️ Drugs — e.g., methotrexate, hydroxyurea, zidovudine ▪️ Myelodysplastic syndrome 🧠 Mnemonic: “B-FLASH” B → B12 deficiency F → Folate deficiency L → Liver disease A → Alcohol S → Stimulating/causative drugs H → Hypothyroidism 3️⃣ STEP 3: LOOK AT MCH / MCHC 🔹 Low MCH/MCHC → Hypochromia ▪️ Iron deficiency ▪️ Thalassemia 🔹 Normal → Normochromic pattern 🔹 High MCHC → Think of: ▪️ Hereditary spherocytosis ▪️ Other causes of increased RBC concentration 4️⃣ STEP 4: LOOK AT RDW 📌 RDW = variation in RBC size (anisocytosis) 🔴 High RDW → Think of: ▪️ Iron deficiency ▪️ Mixed nutritional deficiency ▪️ Recent blood transfusion 🟢 Normal RDW → Classically seen in: ▪️ Thalassemia trait 💡 EXAM TIP: Iron deficiency → Low MCV + High RDW Thalassemia trait → Low MCV + relatively normal RDW 5️⃣ STEP 5: LOOK AT TOTAL WBC COUNT ⬆️ LEUKOCYTOSIS Common causes: ▪️ Infection ▪️ Inflammation ▪️ Steroids ▪️ Leukemia ⬇️ LEUKOPENIA Common causes: ▪️ Viral infection ▪️ Drugs ▪️ Bone marrow failure ▪️ Chemotherapy 6️⃣ STEP 6: LOOK AT DIFFERENTIAL COUNT 🦠 Neutrophils ↑ Think: ▪️ Bacterial infection ▪️ Stress ▪️ Corticosteroids 🧬 Lymphocytes ↑ Think: ▪️ Viral infection ▪️ Tuberculosis ▪️ CLL 🪱 Eosinophils ↑ Think: ▪️ Allergy ▪️ Asthma ▪️ Parasitic infection ▪️ Drug reaction 🧠 Mnemonic: “NAACP” N → Neoplasm A → Asthma/Allergy A → Addison disease C → Collagen vascular disease P → Parasites 🔥 Monocytes ↑ Think: ▪️ Tuberculosis ▪️ Chronic infection ▪️ Recovery phase after acute infection 🩸 Basophils ↑ Think: ▪️ Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) ▪️ Myeloproliferative disorders 7️⃣ STEP 7: LOOK AT PLATELET COUNT ⬇️ THROMBOCYTOPENIA Think of: ▪️ Dengue ▪️ ITP ▪️ DIC ▪️ Sepsis ▪️ Bone marrow disorders ⬆️ THROMBOCYTOSIS Think of: ▪️ Infection ▪️ Inflammation ▪️ Iron deficiency ▪️ Essential thrombocythemia https://t.me/Clinicalinternalmedicine

Causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Hospitalized Patients 🔹 Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) — 45% 🔹 Hemodynamic / Prerenal AKI — 21% 🔹 Acute-on-Chronic Kidney Disease — 13% ↳ غالبًا بسبب ATN أو أسباب hemodynamic 🔹 Urinary Tract Obstruction — 10% ↳ أكثر شيوعًا لدى كبار السن من الرجال، خاصةً مع أمراض البروستاتا 🔹 Glomerulonephritis / Vasculitis — 4% 🔹 Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN) — 2% 🔹 Atheroembolic Renal Disease — 1% .

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