stuff 🩷

🍃 PROTOZOA

Extracellular Protozoa

🔹Defense: 🪽 IgG 🪽 Complement 🔹Examples: mnemonic 🪽 Entamoeba 🪽 Giardia 🪽 Trichomonas 🔹Buzzword: 🪽 Opsonization → IgG

Intracellular Protozoa

🔹Defense: 🪽 Th1 🪽 Activated macrophages 🪽 CD8 🔹Examples: mnemonic 🪽 Plasmodium 🪽 Trypanosoma 🪽 Leishmania 🪽 Toxoplasma 🔹Buzzwords: 🪽 IFN-γ 🪽 TNF 🪽 Cell-mediated immunity

🦠 Virus Defense Innate 🪽 Interferon 🪽 NK cells 🪽 Phagocytosis ⸻ Adaptive 🪽 Antibodies 🪽 Th1 🪽 CD8 CTL ⸻ 🪽 Sequestration 🔹HPV 🔹HSV 🔹EBV 🪽 Meaning: Hide in inaccessible sites. ⸻ 🪽 Antigenic Drift + Shift 🔹Influenza 🪽 Meaning: Constant antigen changes. ⸻ 🪽 ↓ MHC-I 🔹HIV 🔹HSV 🔹CMV 🔹Adenovirus 🪽 Meaning: Escape CD8 T cells. 🪽 Buzzword: No MHC-I → NK attack. ⸻ 🪽 Interferon Inhibition 🔹Influenza 🔹HCV 🔹HIV 🔹HSV 🪽 Meaning: Block antiviral state. ⸻ 🪽 IL-12 Suppression 🔹Measles 🪽 Meaning: ↓ Th1 response. ⸻ 🪽 Complement Evasion (Blocks C3b) 🔹HSV 🪽 Meaning: Reduced opsonization/complement activity. ⸻ 🪽 Antibody Evasion 🔹HIV 🔹HCV 🔹SARS-CoV-2 🪽 Meaning: Surface antigen changes. ⸻ 👑 VIRUS → WHAT TO THINK 🪽 Influenza → Drift + Shift → Interferon inhibition 🪽 HSV → Sequestration → ↓ MHC-I → Interferon inhibition → Blocks C3b 🪽 HIV → ↓ MHC-I → Interferon inhibition → Antibody evasion 🪽 CMV → ↓ MHC-I 🪽 Adenovirus → ↓ MHC-I 🪽 HCV → Interferon inhibition → Antibody evasion 🪽 Measles → ↓ IL-12 🪽 EBV → Sequestration 🪽 HPV → Sequestration 🪽 SARS-CoV-2 → Antibody evasion 🪽 Vaccinia → (associated with viral immune evasion mechanisms) ⸻ 🔹🔥 Highest-yield virus associations 🪽 Influenza → Drift + Shift 🪽 No MHC-I → NK cells 🪽 HIV/HSV/CMV/Adenovirus → ↓ MHC-I 🪽 Measles → ↓ IL-12 🪽 HSV → Blocks C3b 🪽 HIV/HCV/SARS-CoV-2 → Antibody evasion 🪽 HSV/EBV/HPV → Sequestration

حجمع كل امثلة وحد الي ممضبطيها ضبطوها

كل البكتيريا

🧫 BACTERIA 🪽 Pyogenic response → Staph aureus → Strep pyogenes 🪽 Granulomatous response → TB → Listeria monocytogenes 🪽 Toxin-producing bacteria → C. tetani → C. botulinum → C. diphtheriae 🪽 Capsule → Streptococci → Neisseria → Staphylococci 🪽 Sequestration → Staphylococci in bone 🪽 Antigen shedding → Streptococcus pneumoniae 🪽 Fc binding (IgG) → Staphylococci (Protein A) 🪽 Fc binding (IgA) → Streptococci 🪽 Resistance to killing → Mycobacterium tuberculosis → Staphylococci (catalase) 🪽 Escape from phagosome → Mycobacterium leprae 🪽 Inhibition of chemotaxis → Clostridium perfringens → Staphylococcus aureus → Streptococci 🪽 Blocking access of cells → Staphylococci (coagulase) 🪽 IgA protease → Neisseria → Haemophilus

مهمات جدا 🫶 🔹🍁 Extracellular bacteria → Antibodies + Complement + Neutrophils 🔹🍁 Intracellular bacteria → Th1 + Macrophages + NK cells 🔹🍁 Tuberculosis → Granuloma 🔹🍁 Granuloma → Persistent intracellular infection 🔹🍁 IL-12 → NK-cell activation 🔹🍁 IFN-γ → Activated macrophages / Th1 response ⸻ 🔹🦠 Virus → Interferon + NK cells first 🔹🦠 No MHC-I → NK cell attack 🔹🦠 Perforin → Pore formation 🔹🦠 Granzyme → Apoptosis 🔹🦠 Ribonuclease → Degrades viral mRNA 🔹🦠 Protein kinase → Inhibits protein synthesis 🔹🦠 7–10 days after viral infection → CD8 CTL peak 🔹🦠 Influenza → Antigenic drift + shift ⸻ 🔹🍃 Extracellular protozoa → IgG + Complement 🔹🍃 Entamoeba / Giardia / Trichomonas → Extracellular protozoa 🔹🍃 Intracellular protozoa → Th1 + Activated macrophages + CD8 🔹🍃 Leishmania / Toxoplasma / Trypanosoma → Cell-mediated immunity ⸻ 🔹🪱 Helminths → Th2 response 🔹🪱 IL-4 → IgE production 🔹🪱 IL-5 → Eosinophils 🔹🪱 High IgE + Eosinophils → Worm infection 🔹🪱 ADCC → IgE + Eosinophils killing worms ⸻ 🔹🍄 Fungi → Th1 + Th17 🔹🍄 Candida albicans → Inhibits phagocytosis 🔹🍄 Cryptococcus neoformans → Capsule inhibits phagocytosis 🔹🍄 Dermatophytes → Suppress T-cell responses ⸻ 🔹🎭 African Trypanosome → VSG antigenic variation 🔹🎭 Recurrent waves of parasitemia → African Trypanosome 🔹🎭 Schistosoma → Disguise with host proteins 🔹🎭 Hydatid cyst → Tapeworm sequestration 🔹🎭 Toxoplasma gondii → Blocks phagosome-lysosome fusion 🔹🎭 Trypanosoma cruzi → Escapes phagosome + cleaves IgA 🔹🎭 Leishmania → Resists killing + complement + digestion

👑 Q11 🔹A patient develops a chronic parasitic infection characterized by recurrent waves of parasitemia. Laboratory studies show a strong antibody response, but each wave is caused by parasites expressing different surface glycoproteins. 🔹Which immune mechanism is being MOST effectively evaded?

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الfungi اصلا مو لهالدرجة جبير علمود نحتاجله IgE :)