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Anthropological types of Kakhetians
Kakhetians (Georgian: კახელები, romanized: k'akhelebi) are an ethnographic group of Georgians who speak the Kakhetian dialect of the Georgian language. Kakhetians are the indigenous population of Kakheti, a historical region and fertile valley in eastern Georgia that produces much of the country's wine. Like the general population of Georgia, most Kakhetians are adherents of the Georgian Orthodox Church.
Genetically, they are remarkable compared to other Georgians for having an especially high amount of Indo-European/Armenian associated R1b Y-DNA, reaching almost 20% of their total Y-DNA. This R1b likely comes from multiple sources - The Proto-Armenian Y-DNA input into Karto-Zan populations in the Middle/Late Bronze Age, the Caucasian Albanian assimilation and the many minor historical migrations of Armenians, latest one happening in 1700s as an attempt to boost Kakheti's economy with Armenian merchants.
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Anthropological types of Kartlians
Kartli (Georgian: ქართლი, pronounced [ˈkʰaɾtʰli] ⓘ) is a historical region in central-to-eastern Georgia traversed by the river Mtkvari (Kura), on which Georgia's capital, Tbilisi, is situated. Known to the classical authors as Hiberia, Kartli played a crucial role in the ethnic and political consolidation of the Georgians in the Middle Ages. Kartli had no strictly defined boundaries and they significantly fluctuated in the course of history. After the partition of the kingdom of Georgia in the 15th century, Kartli became a separate kingdom with its capital at Tbilisi. The historical lands of Kartli are currently divided among several administrative regions of Georgia.
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Modern populations with 50%+ Eastern Hunter-Gatherer ancestry.
The model uses ADC 0.25x, some of these populations are slightly below the 50% mark with ADC off. The EHG ancestry is likely to be inflated due to a genetic drift in Finno-Ugrics/Balts.
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Ancient occurrences of the haplogroup J-Z1842, commonly associated with the Kura-Araxes culture and Nakh-Dagestanians / Древние случаи обнаружения гаплогруппы J-Z1842, которую обычно связывают с Куро-аракской культурой и нахско-дагестанскими народами
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Georgian Swadesh list breakdown by word origin / Анализ списка Сводеша для грузинского языка по происхождению слов
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A, B and C represent the obsidian sources found in the 1-6 sites
There existed extensive trade networks for obsidian, and we know that the Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers living in western Georgia got their obsidian from the northernmost extent of the Armenian highlands obsidian cluster (shown as B in the map). Eventually, the search for obsidian made CHG expand northward and find the Nalchik obsidian source.
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Obsidian sources in the Armenian highlands and surrounding regions
Obsidian was one of the most important resources in the stone age. A very likely scenario how Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers (which is the dominant ancestry component in most Caucasian populations) reached Georgia and expanded into the northern Caucasus is by following the obsidian sources from the Zagros mountains northward.
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A map of Ovseti (Ossetia, shown in orange) and Dvaleti (shown in red) prior to the conquest and assimilation of Dvaleti by Ossetian tribes in the 16th–17th centuries.
The Dvals: Identity and History
Who were the Dvals?
For decades, historians and ethnographers have debated the identity of the Dvals. The most prominent theories suggest they were either a Kartvelian (Georgian-related) or a Nakh (Chechen-Ingush-related) tribe.
Before the rise of archaeogenetics and DNA research, establishing their origin was difficult; arguments relied primarily on historical records and toponymy. Throughout Ossetia—and Dvaleti specifically—the presence of a heavy Kartvelian toponymic layer provided strong evidence, even prior to genetic testing, that the pre-Ossetian population was of Kartvelian stock.
The Genetic Landscape
Recent data has provided more clarity. We now have 18 modern genetic samples from the Nar Valley (the heart of historical Dvaleti), all belonging to the Khetagurov (Khetag) clan. All tested individuals fall within the clade J-Y57559.
This is a downstream branch of the J-Y12379 clade, which is strongly associated with Kartvelian populations. Notably, this lineage is linked to the Kotias Klde Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer (CHG), who lived approximately 9,700 years ago in Western Georgia.
