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The news article focuses on the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) partnering with ISRO to enhance the tracking and measurement of farm fires (stubble burning) in Punjab and Haryana to mitigate winter pollution in the Delhi-NCR region.
UPSC Syllabus Relevance
* GS Paper III: Environment & Ecology (Environmental Pollution and Degradation), Science & Technology (Space Applications).
* GS Paper II: Governance & Statutory Bodies (CAQM).
Key Highlights & Issues
1. Core Issue: Stubble Burning & Winter Air Pollution
* Context: Paddy stubble burning after harvest in October–November generates significant particulate matter (\text{PM}_{2.5} and \text{PM}_{10}).
* Seasonal Factor: The withdrawal of the monsoon stalls westerly winds, preventing the dispersal of pollutants from vehicles, industry, and agriculture, leading to severe smog in Delhi-NCR.
* Impact: Farm fires contribute an average of 15% to total particulate pollution over the winter season, spiking up to 44% during peak burning weeks.
2. Tech Challenge: Satellite Evasion & Tracking Gaps
* Satellite Limitations: Earlier counts relied on polar-orbiting satellites that passed over twice daily (e.g., around 1:30 PM).
* Behavioral Shift: Farmers adapted by shifting peak burning times to late afternoons (around 5:00 PM) to bypass thermal sensors during satellite pass-over times.
* Measurement Gaps: Satellite fire counts alone do not reflect exact ground-level emissions due to variables like moisture content, straw quantity, combustion efficiency, and sensor resolution.
3. Solution & Governance: CAQM & ISRO Collaboration
* CAQM's Strategy: Partnering with ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC) to establish 'ground truthing' protocols and refine per-pollutant emission factors.
* Goal: Move beyond simple active fire counts (hotspot counting) to a scientific estimation model that accounts for total biomass burnt and actual pollutant loads.
Core UPSC Concepts to Know
Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)
* Established under the CAQM in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021.
* A statutory body replacing the older Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA).
* Holds jurisdiction over Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh regarding air quality coordination and enforcement.
Alternatives to Stubble Burning
* In-Situ Management: Happy Seeder, Smart Seeder, Pusa Bio-Decomposer (microbial spray developed by ICAR).
* Ex-Situ Management: Biomass pellets for thermal power plants, bio-ethanol production, compressed bio-gas (CBG) under the SATAT scheme.
Sample UPSC Mains Question
> Q. "Technological intervention combined with statutory governance is essential to tackle the seasonal crisis of air pollution in Northern India." Discuss in light of recent measures taken to monitor and curb farm fires. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
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राष्ट्रीय सम्मान के अपमान की रोकथाम (संशोधन) विधेयक, 2026
संशोधन: धारा 3, अधिनियम 1971
उद्देश्य: वंदे मातरम् को जन गण मन के समान कानूनी संरक्षण
प्रावधान: गायन में बाधा/व्यवधान दंडनीय अपराध
दंड: 3 वर्ष तक का कारावास/जुर्माना/दोनों
पुनरावृत्ति: न्यूनतम 1 वर्ष का कारावास
Prevention of Insults to National Honour (Amendment) Bill, 2026
Amends: Section 3 of the 1971 Act
Objective: Equal legal protection for Vande Mataram
Provision: Obstructing/disturbing its singing is punishable
Penalty: Up to 3 years’ imprisonment/fine/both
Repeat Offence: Minimum 1 year imprisonment
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Pre focus time: 2 months before the exam.
