𝑻𝒐𝒅𝒂𝒚’𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 🩺

اسئلة مقالي في بداية cvs للثتبيت 👇🏻

كله مكتوب منا السعي والاجتهاد ومن الله التوفيق توكلوا على الله وشدوا تو تعوضوا في الفاينل ان شاءالله.💕

https://t.me/Anatomy00_0

Anatomy Group

السلام عليكم اخر مستجدات اليوم مافيش امتحان عملي في مادة الهستو ح يتم احتساب درجته مع النظري.

موفقين جميعاً. 💕

🫀 Arterial & Venous Pulse

♦First: Pressure Pulse (Pulse Wave)

The pulse is a wave of pressure produced by changes in pressure within blood vessels as a result of cardiac pumping. This wave travels faster than the actual flow of blood and causes expansion of the vessel walls, which can be felt as a pulse.

♦ Second: Arterial Pulse

🔸 Definition: It is the rhythmic change in arterial blood pressure between: Systole Diastole This occurs due to the ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta and its propagation through the arterial tree. 🔸 Characteristics: It can be felt in large arteries such as: Aortic pulse Radial pulse It is transmitted as a pressure wave (pulse wave) 🔸 Important note: Capillary blood flow is not pulsatile, as the pressure does not fluctuate between systole and diastole. 🔸 Strength of pulse: It depends on the pulse pressure: Pulse\ Pressure = Systolic\ Pressure - Diastolic\ Pressure

♦Third: Venous Pulse (Jugular Pulse)

🔸 Definition: It is the variation in venous pressure, best represented by the jugular venous pulse (JVP). It reflects the pressure changes in the right atrium. 🔸 Significance: It is considered a retrograde reflection of right atrial pressure changes during the cardiac cycle and is useful as a diagnostic tool.

🔹Waves of Jugular Venous Pulse

🔹 1) a wave

Caused by right atrial contraction

🔹 2) c wave

Caused by bulging of the tricuspid valve into the right atrium during isovolumic ventricular contraction

🔹 3) x descent

Caused by: Downward displacement of the AV septum Enlargement of the right atrium ➡️ Leading to decreased atrial pressure

🔹 4) v wave

Caused by filling of the right atrium with blood during ventricular systole ➡️ Leading to increased pressure

🔹 5) y descent

Represents the fall in pressure when the tricuspid valve opens ➡️ Blood flows from the atrium to the ventricle

⚠️ Clinical Significance

In Tricuspid stenosis ➡️ a large a wave is observed due to impaired atrial emptying In Tricuspid regurgitation ➡️ a giant c wave appears due to backflow of blood into the atrium In Second-degree AV block ➡️ abnormalities appear in jugular venous pulse waves

🟨 Conclusion

The pulse is a pressure wave generated by cardiac activity Arterial pulse results from left ventricular ejection and is palpable in arteries Venous pulse reflects right atrial pressure changes JVP waves (a, c, x, v, y) correspond to different phases of the cardiac cycle It has important diagnostic value in tricuspid valve diseases and conduction abnormalities