basic nursing knowledge

Artery vs. Vein🩸 🫀Artery: carries oxygenated blood away from the heart 💡Arteries = Away from the heart -Thick walls with muscle tissue -NO valves 🫀Vein: carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart 💡Veins = Visit the heart -Thin walls -Valves to prevent backflow 💡Vein = Valves ⭐️Exceptions Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs Pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Addisons vs Cushings: An overview for student nurses Adrenal gland dysfunction manifests in contrasting conditions: addisons disease (adrenal insufficiency) and cushings syndrome (excess cortisol production) Addisons disease is a condition of adrenal insufficiency, where the adrenal glands produce insufficient cortisol and / or aldosterone Pathophysiology: - Primary adrenal insufficiency: Damage or dysfunction of the adrenal glands leads to decreased production of cortisol and sometimes aldosterone - Secondary adrenal insufficiency: inadequate ACTH production from the pituitary reduces adrenal stimulation - Cortisol deficiency impairs stress response, metabolism, and inflammation control, while aldosterone deficiency affects sodium-potassium balance and blood pressure Cushings syndrome is a condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess cortisol, either due to endogenous overproduction or exogenous steroid use. Pathophysiology: - Caused by excessive cortisol from: - Exogenous steroids (most common) - Endogenous overproduction e.g. - Adrenal adenomas - Pituitary adenomas - Ectopic ACTH production Memory tricks: - Addisons we need to add steroids - Cushings we have a cushion of steroids

- Types of Anemia - 🩸Iron Deficiency Anemia Patho: Low levels of iron in the body causes decreased hemoglobin & leads to a decrease in oxygen to tissues S&S: Pallor, weakness & fatigue, SOB, tachycardia, small RBCs 🩸Aplastic Anemia Patho: Decreased production of new blood cells resulting from damage to bone marrow S&S: Pallor, weakness & fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising/bleeding 🩸Pernicious Anemia Patho: Decrease in RBCs due to vitamin B-12 malabsorption S&S: Pallor, weakness & fatigue, SOB, GI issues (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation) 🩸Sickle Cell Anemia Patho: Low oxygen (causes RBCs to change shape) leads to sickle-shaped cells, causing clumping & blocking blood flow S&S: PAIN, anemia S&S (fatigue, tachycardia, pallor), swelling of hands & feet, stroke, acute chest syndrome

✅ HORMONES PRODUCED BY OTHER ORGANS & TISSUES THAT CONTAIN ENDOCRINE CELLS & THEIR PRINCIPAL ACTIONS ✅ 🎬GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 🔵 Gastrin Promotes secretion of gastric juice; increases movements of the stomach. 🔵 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) Stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. 🔵 Secretin Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile. 🔵 Cholecystokinin (CCK) Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice; regulates release of bile from gall bladder; causes feeling of fullness after eating. 🎬 PLACENTA 🔵 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Stimulates corpus luteum in ovary to continue production of oestrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy. 🔵 Oestrogens and progesterone Maintain pregnancy; help prepare mammary glands to secrete milk. 🔵 Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) Stimulates development of mammary glands for lactation. 🎬 KIDNEYS 🔵 Renin Part of reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone. 🔵 Erythropoietin (EPO) Increases rate of red blood cell formation. 🔵 Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) Aids in absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus. 🎬 HEART 🔵 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Decreases blood pressure. 🎬 ADIPOSE TISSUE 🔵 Leptin Suppresses appetite; may increase FSH and LH activity. https://t.me/basicnursingknowledge

No Pain No Gain!!🏆 💯

Headache Red Flags 🚩

Injection degree

Layers and Types of Skin Infections 📖 Reference: Netter’s Infectious Diseases 2nd Edition

Hemoptysis, or coughing up blood, is a very worrisome and fatal sign that indicates a serious underlying cause. To help you remember these causes, think of the mnemonic BATTLE CAMP: • B - Bronchitis/bronchiectasis • A - Aspergilloma • T - Tumor • T - Tuberculosis • L - Lung abscess • E - Emboli • C - Coagulopathy • A - Autoimmune diseases/arteriovenous malformation • M - Mitral stenosis • P - Pneumonia

Common signs and symptoms: - fever - headache -abdominal pain - abdominal discomfort - constipation - alopecia - disturb sleep - sweating -Shevering -Weakness - fatigue - vomating - nausia - giddiness