basic nursing knowledge

✨Types of Oxygen Masks✨ Here’s what you need to know about these common oxygen delivery devices:👇 (SAVE THIS) 1. Nasal Cannula: ✅ Humidification can be ordered to avoid nasal dryness. ✅ Be sure to assess behind ears for skin breakdown. 2. Simple Face Mask: ✅ Very limiting: pts can’t talk, eat, or drink 3. Non-Rebreather Mask: ✅ Has one-way valve; air exhaled is not the same air inhaled ✅ Do NOT let bags deflate (risk of suffocation) ✅ Good for carbon monoxide poisoning or smoke inhalation 4. High-Flow Nasal Cannula: ✅ The upgraded version of the Nasal Cannula ✅ Good for chronic Respiratory Distress pts 5. Venturi Mask: ✅ Most accurate delivery of a fixed amount of oxygen (flow is determined by the colored valves) ✅ Used in COPD pts 6. Face Tent: ✅ A type of mask that widens so it doesn’t touch the face ✅ Good for pts with facial traumas

The mechanism of action (MOA) of aspirin is as follows: 1. *Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes*: Aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, which are responsible for converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. 2. *Reduction of prostaglandin synthesis*: By inhibiting COX enzymes, aspirin reduces the production of prostaglandins, which are pro-inflammatory mediators. 3. *Anti-inflammatory effects*: Reduced prostaglandin synthesis leads to decreased inflammation, pain, and fever. 4. *Inhibition of platelet aggregation*: Aspirin's inhibition of COX-1 enzymes also reduces the production of thromboxane A2, a pro-thrombotic mediator, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation and reducing the risk of blood clots. Aspirin's MOA leads to its therapeutic effects, including: - Analgesia (pain relief) - Anti-inflammation - Antipyresis (fever reduction) - Antiplatelet aggregation (blood clot prevention)

The Nursing Process 🔸🔸1 ASSESS - Gather information (vital signs, lung sounds, lab results, medical history, etc.) - Verify that the information collected is clear & accurate Objective Data: facts or things you can see, hear, feel, auscultate, and measure Objective think OBSERVE Subjective Data: Opinions or biases, how the patient feels Subjective think what the patient SAYS 🔸2 DIAGNOSE Interpret the information collected - Identify nursing diagnoses (be sure it's NANDA-approved) 🔸3 PLAN - Set SMART goals to address specific nursing diagnoses 🔸4 IMPLEMENT Achieve SMART goals through nursing interventions 🔸5 EVALUATE Determine the patient's response to nursing interventions & monitor the need for changes - Modify care plan as needed

- Pulse Points Explained - 👉Radial pulse: located on the thumb side of the wrist 👉Carotid pulse: located on both sides of the neck, right below the jaw 👉Brachial pulse: located on the inner elbow 🩺Apical pulse: located at the apex of the heart, typically auscultated with a stethoscope 👉Temporal pulse: located on the sides of the forehead (temples) 👉Femoral pulse: located in the groin area, between the pubic bone & the anterior iliac crest 👉Dorsalis pedis pulse: located on the top of the foot, between the 1st & 2nd toes of the foot 👉Posterior tibial pulse: located on the inner ankle, below the ankle bone 👉Popliteal pulse: located behind the knee

Kidney disease, also known as renal disease, is a condition that affects the kidneys' ability to filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood. The kidneys are vital organs that perform several essential functions in the body, including regulating blood pressure, producing hormones that stimulate the production of red blood cells, and maintaining the balance of electrolytes in the body. There are two types of kidney disease: acute and chronic. Acute kidney disease occurs suddenly and is often caused by a sudden drop in blood flow to the kidneys, dehydration, or medication toxicity. It can be reversible with prompt treatment, but if left untreated, it can lead to permanent kidney damage. Chronic kidney disease develops over time and is usually caused by underlying health conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or autoimmune disorders. It progresses slowly and can lead to irreversible kidney damage, eventually resulting in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which requires dialysis or kidney transplant to manage. Symptoms of kidney disease may vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include fatigue, swelling in the legs and feet, decreased urine output, difficulty concentrating, nausea and vomiting, and high blood pressure. In some cases, there may be no symptoms until the disease has progressed significantly. Treatment for kidney disease may include medication to control blood pressure and blood sugar levels, dietary changes to reduce the workload on the kidneys, and in severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplant. Dialysis is a medical procedure that filters waste products and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to do so. Kidney transplant involves replacing a diseased kidney with a healthy one from a donor. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent further damage to the kidneys. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can help identify any underlying health conditions that may increase the risk of developing kidney disease. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can also help prevent kidney disease.

𝚃𝚄𝙼𝙾𝚁                      𝙼𝙰𝚁𝙺𝙴𝚁       👇                                     👇 Ovarian                           CA 125 Breast                              CA  15 -3 Pancreatic                      CA 19-9 Prostate                            CA PSA Colorectal                             CEA Teratoma.                           AFP Seminoma.                          LDH Choriocarcinoma.          Beta -HCG

✅ HORMONES PRODUCED BY OTHER ORGANS & TISSUES THAT CONTAIN ENDOCRINE CELLS & THEIR PRINCIPAL ACTIONS ✅ 🎬GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 🔵 Gastrin Promotes secretion of gastric juice; increases movements of the stomach. 🔵 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) Stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. 🔵 Secretin Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile. 🔵 Cholecystokinin (CCK) Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice; regulates release of bile from gall bladder; causes feeling of fullness after eating. 🎬 PLACENTA 🔵 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Stimulates corpus luteum in ovary to continue production of oestrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy. 🔵 Oestrogens and progesterone Maintain pregnancy; help prepare mammary glands to secrete milk. 🔵 Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) Stimulates development of mammary glands for lactation. 🎬 KIDNEYS 🔵 Renin Part of reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone. 🔵 Erythropoietin (EPO) Increases rate of red blood cell formation. 🔵 Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) Aids in absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus. 🎬 HEART 🔵 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Decreases blood pressure. 🎬 ADIPOSE TISSUE 🔵 Leptin Suppresses appetite; may increase FSH and LH activity.

Burn is a term used to describe the injury caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation. Burns can be classified into three phases: the acute phase, the intermediate phase, and the rehabilitative phase. The acute phase is the initial stage of a burn injury and lasts for the first 72 hours. During this phase, the priority is to stabilize the patient's condition and prevent further damage. The patient may experience shock, pain, swelling, and fluid loss during this phase. Treatment includes wound cleaning, pain management, and fluid replacement therapy. The intermediate phase begins after the first 72 hours and lasts until the wound is healed. During this phase, the focus is on wound care and preventing infection. The wound is cleaned regularly, and dressings are changed to promote healing. The patient may also undergo physical therapy to maintain range of motion and prevent scarring. The rehabilitative phase begins once the wound has healed. The focus is on restoring function and improving quality of life. This may include scar management, cosmetic procedures, and psychological support. It is important to note that the severity of a burn injury can vary widely, and treatment will depend on the extent and depth of the burn. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue and promote healing. Burn injuries can have long-term physical and emotional effects, so ongoing support and care may be needed even after the wound has healed.

Spinal Column 🦴 The spinal cord is a key part of the central nervous system; it transmits signals between your brain & body, controlling movement and sensation! REGIONS OF THE SPINE: 🦴Cervical (C1 - C7) 🦴Thoracic (T1-T12) 🦴Lumbar (L1-L5) 🦴Sacrum 🦴Coccyx

Organ Medical Terminology 🫀 Cardi/o (Heart) Examples: Cardiology, Cardiomegaly, Cardiac 💩 Gastr/o (Stomach) Examples: Gastritis, Gastroscopy, Gastrectomy 🧬 Hepat/o (Liver) Examples: Hepatitis, Hepatomegaly, Hepatology 🫁 Thorac/o (Chest) Examples: Thoracotomy, Thoracentesis, Thoracic 🌬️ Pulmon/o (Lungs) Examples: Pulmonology, Pulmonary, Pulmonitis 🧠 Neur/o (Brain) Examples: Neurology, Neuritis, Neurotransmitter 🍽️ Cholecyst/o (Gallbladder) Examples: Cholecystectomy, Cholecystitis, Cholecystogram 🌊 Ren/o (Kidney) Examples: Renal, Renopathy, Renography