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Because HCl is bacteriostatic, most of the bacteria entering the stomach with the ingested food are destroyed. However, some bacteria can adapt to the low pH of the gastric contents. Helicobacter pylori contains large amounts of urease, the enzyme that hydrolyzes urea, in its cytoplasm and on its plasma membrane. This highly active enzyme creates a protective basic “ammonia cloud” around the bacterium, allowing it to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach. #note

• Diagram of parietal cell HCl synthesis. After parietal cell stimulation, several steps occur leading to the production of HCl. Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the blood diffuses across the basement membrane into the cell to form H2CO3. The H2CO3 dissociates into H and HCO3 . The reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, which leads to the production of H ions in the cytoplasm, which are then transported across the membrane to the lumen of the intracellular canaliculus by a H /K -ATPase proton pump. Simultaneously, K within the canaliculus is transported into the cell in exchange for the H ions. Cl ions are also transported from the cytoplasm of the parietal cell into the lumen of the canaliculus by Cl channels in the membrane. HCl is then formed from H and Cl . The HCO3 / Cl anion channels maintain the normal concentration of both ions in the cell, as well as Na /K -ATPase on the basolateral cell membrane.

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Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit, which can be expected to occur during adolescence. it involves excessive keratinization within this unit and excess sebum production, both of which contribute to the blockage of ducts in the follicle. Anaerobic bacteria, typically Propionibacterium acnes, grow in the accumulated sebum, leading to localized inflammation and neutrophil infiltration. The resulting enlarged follicle is called a comedone.

Pilosebaceous unit consisted of (hair follicle + sebaceous gland).

The acini of sebaceous glands are the classic example of holocrine secretion. They have a basal layer of flattened epithelial cells on the basal lamina, which proliferate and are displaced centrally, undergoing terminal differentiation as large, lipid-producing sebocytes filled with small fat droplets . Their nuclei shrink and undergo autophagy along with other organelles, and near the duct the cells disintegrate, releasing the lipids as the main secretory product. This product, called sebum, gradually covers the surfaces of both the epidermis and hair shafts.

لأن للكالسيوم والحديد the same receptor for absorption So إذا كان الكالسيوم كثير فبيقل امتصاص الحديد اكثر واكثر وممكن يسبب anemia.

⚪️ Treatment of peptic ulcer. 1- H2 receptor antagonists:- as Ranitidine, cimetidine, famotidine and nizatidine. these drugs block the H2 receptor and inhibit histamine secretion. As histamine is a potent stimulator of HCl release from parietal cells, H2 receptor blockers inhibit HCl secretion. 2- proton pump blocker:- H+ -K+ ATPase inhibitor This drug inhibits the activity of proton pump, the last step of acid secretion is inhibited this drug is the most effective medicine for the treatment of peptic ulcer called omeprazole. 3- sucralfate:- provide a protective layer on the ulcer. therefore, it promotes ulcer healing. 4- muscarinic blockors:- atropine and pirenzepine are used to block the M1 and M3 receptors. Therefore, the acetylcholine does not act on the parietal cells. #Note:- atropine does not produce encouraging results because the noncholinergic vagal effects is more effective than cholingeric effects. So the muscarinic blockors ARE NOT used in treatment of peptic ulcer. 5- antibiotics:- as amoxicillin to kill H pylori . #information #Note

🔰 Horseshoe kidney is a condition in which the kidneys fuse (bind) together at the bottom, forming a “U” shape or horseshoe shape. Children who have horseshoe kidney have one “fused” kidney instead of 2 separate kidneys. Horseshoe kidney is a congenital condition, which means it happens before birth while the baby is still developing inside the mother’s womb. 🔴 Symptoms:- Belly pain Nausea (upset stomach) Urinary tract infections (UTI) Kidney stones. #information

لماذا أدوية السرطان بتجيب anemia ؟ #Question