CBSE Class 12th Boards Exam Notes

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🔰Carbon and its Compounds🔰 ✍️ Introduction ➖Carbon plays very important roles for all living beings. ➖The amount of carbon in the earth’s crust is merely 0.02%, which is available in the form of minerals such as carbonates, hydrogen-carbonates, coal, and petroleum. ➖The presence of carbon in the atmosphere of the earth is 0.03%, in the form of carbon dioxide. ✍️ Compounds of Carbon ➖Almost all carbon compounds (except a few) are poor conductors of the electricity. ➖The diamond and graphite both are formed by carbon atoms; however, the difference lies between them in the manner in which the carbon atoms are bonded to one another. ➖In diamond, each atom of the carbon, is bonded to four other carbon atoms and form a rigid three-dimensional structure. ➖In graphite, each atom of the carbon, is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane, which gives a hexagonal array. ➖There is also difference in some physical structure of diamond and graphite. ➖Diamond is the hardest substance known whereas graphite is smooth and slippery substance. ➖Graphite is good conductor of electricity whereas diamond is not. ➖The compounds, which has identical molecular formula, but different structures, are known as structural isomers. ➖The saturated hydrocarbons are known as alkanes. ➖The unsaturated hydrocarbons, which comprise of one or more double bonds, are known as alkenes. ➖The unsaturated hydrocarbons, which comprise of one or more triple bonds, are known as alkynes. ✍️ Use of Alcohol as Fuel ➖Sugarcane plants very efficient convert sunlight into chemical energy and its juice can be used to prepare molasses. ➖When molasses is fermented, it produces alcohol (ethanol). ➖Some of the countries now using alcohol as an additive in petrol, as it is a cleaner fuel. ➖These alcohol, on burning in sufficient air (oxygen), gives rise to only carbon dioxide and water. ✍️ Esters ➖Esters are sweet-smelling substances, which are most commonly formed by reaction of an acid and an alcohol. ➖When esters react in the presence of an acid or a base, it gives back the alcohol and carboxylic acid. ➖The reaction of esters with an acid or a base, is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap. ➖The molecules of soap normally are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. ➖Interestingly, the ionic-end of soap dissolves in water whereas the carbon chain dissolves in oil. This typical features of the soap molecules forms structures known as micelles. ➖In micelles, one end of the molecules is towards the oil droplet whereas the ionic-end remains outside. ➖The soap micelle helps in dissolving the dirt in water; likewise, the clothes get cleaned. ➖On the other hand, detergents are usually ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids, which remain effective even in hard water. ➖Detergents are customarily used to make shampoos and some other products for cleaning clothes.

All Disorders Of Human Physiology

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Chemistry In Everyday Life

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