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my_list = [1, 2, 3] print(my_list[-1]) a. 1 b. 2 c. -1 d. 3 27. What is the output of the following code? my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40] print(my_list[1:3]) a. [10, 20] b. [20, 30, 40] c. [20, 30] d. [10, 20, 30] 28. What is the output of the following code? a = "I love, Python!" print(len(a)) a. 12 b. 11 c. 14 d. 15 29. What is the output of the following code? x = "Hello" y = "World" print(x + " " + y) a. HelloWorld b. Hello + World c. Error d. Hello World 30. What will this code produce? age = 25 txt = "I am " + age + " years old" print(txt) a. I am 25 years old b. I am years old c. None d. TypeError 31. What is the output of the following code? x = 10 y = 3 print(x % y) a. 3 b. 3.33 c. 0 d. 1 32. What is the output of the following code? x = 2 y = 3 print(x * y) a. 16 b. 6 c. 10 d. 9 33. What is the output? def print_water_temp_for_coffee(temp): if temp < 195: print('Too cold.') elif (temp >= 195) and (temp <= 205): print('Perfect temperature.') elif (temp > 205): print('Too hot.') print_water_temp_for_coffee(205) print_water_temp_for_coffee(190) a. Too cold. b. Perfect temperature. c. Perfect temperature. Too cold. d. Perfect temperature.Too cold. 34. What is the output? def find_sqr(a): t = a * a return t square = find_sqr(10) print(square) a. 0 b. 100 c. 10 d. (Nothing is outputted) 35. Which line of the function has an error? def compute_sum_of_squares(num1, num2): # Line 1 sum = (num1 * num1) + (num2 * num2) # Line 2 return sums1 # Line 3 a. Line 1 b. Line 2 c. Line 3 d. None of the lines contains an error 36. What is output? def calc(num1, num2): return 1 + num1 + num2 print(calc(4, 5), calc(1, 2)) a. 9 3 b. 10 4 c. 145 112 d. 4, 5, 1, 2 37. What is output? new_list = [10, 20] for i in new_list: print(i * 2) a. 20 40 b. 10 10 20 20 c. [10, 20, 10, 20] d. [20, 40] 38. What is the length of the dictionary my_dict = {'Country':'India', 'State': {'City':'Delhi'}, 'Temperature':40}? a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 5 39. Which statement opens a file for appending? a. file = open('ABC.txt', 'w') b. file = open('ABC.txt', 'r') c. file = open('ABC.txt', 'rw') d. file = open('ABC.txt', 'a') 40. Which XXX is used to write data in the file? import csv row1 = ['1', '2', '3'] row2 = ['Tina', 'Rita', 'Harry'] XXX students_writer = csv.writer(csvfile) students_writer.writerow(row1) students_writer.writerow(row2) students_writer.writerows([row1, row2]) a. with open('students.csv', 'w') as csvfile: b. with open('students.csv', 'r') as csvfile: c. with open('students.csv', 'r+') as csvfile: d. with open('students.csv', 'w+') as csvfile:

Question 1 — Select the correct answer 1. Which function returns the number of characters in a string? a. count() b. size() c. len() d. type() 2. What does input() always return, regardless of what the user types? a. int b. float c. bool d. str 3. What data type does x = 20.5 produce in Python? a. int b. str c. complex d. float 4. What does the break statement do inside a loop? a. Skips the current iteration and continues to the next b. Restarts the loop from the beginning c. Stops the loop immediately when a condition is met d. Does nothing; it is a placeholder 5. Which of the following correctly creates a list in Python? a. list = (1, 2, 3) b. list = [1, 2, 3] c. list = {1, 2, 3} d. list = <1, 2, 3> 6. Which module in Python is used to interact with the operating system? a. sys b. os c. io d. platform 7. Which function is used to create a new directory? a. os.newdir() b. os.createdir() c. os.mkdir() d. os.makedir() 8. What does os.getcwd() return? a. Returns the current working directory b. Changes the current working directory c. Creates a new directory d. Checks if a path exists 9. Python's reserved keywords CANNOT be used as: a. Value names b. Variable names c. File names d. Comment text 10. In Python, code blocks are defined using: a. Curly braces {} b. Parentheses () c. Semicolons ; d. Indentation 11. A single-line comment in Python starts with: a. // b. /* c. -- d. # 12. What does RAM stand for? a. Read Access Memory b. Random Access Memory c. Rapid Application Memory d. Read-only Access Module 13. Which component is known as the "brain" of the computer? a. RAM b. Hard Drive c. CPU d. Network Card 14. Which of the following is a valid Python variable name? a. 1var b. @myVar c. my variable d. my_var_1 15. Python variable names are: a. not case-sensitive b. Only lowercase c. Case-sensitive d. Only uppercase for constants 16. What is a variable in Python? a. A fixed value that cannot change b. A built-in function c. A container for storing data values d. A type of operator 17. In Camel Case, how is the variable my_variable name written? a. My_Variable_Name b. my_variable_name c. myVariableName d. MyVariableName 18. What is the output of the following code? fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] print(fruits[1]) a. apple b. cherry c. banana d. ] 19. What is the output of the following code? x = 5 print(x < 5 and x < 10) a. True b. False c. No output d. Error 20. What is the output of the following code? x = 6 print(x < 6 or x < 7) a. True b. False c. No output d. Error 21. What is the output of the following code? x = 3 print(not (x < 2 and x < 4)) a. True b. False c. No output d. Error 22. What is the output of the following code? languages = ['Python', 'Swift', 'C++'] languages.remove('Swift') print(languages) a. ['Python','C++'] b. ['Python','Swift','C++'] c. ['Swift'] d. No output 23. What will this code do? colors = ("red", "green", "blue") colors[0] = "yellow" a. Error b. Will add yellow in the first index c. Will add yellow in the last index d. No output 24. What is the output of the following code? x = 6 y = 8 print(x == y) print(x > y) print(x != y) a. True / False / True b. True / False / False c. False / False / False d. False / False / True 25. What is the output of the following code? def square(x): return x * x print(square(4)) a. 8 b. 44 c. 16 d. 12 26. What is the output of the following code?

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17. Architecture in the large isn't concerned with the architecture of individual programs. 18. Class diagrams show the object classes in the system and the associations between these classes. 19. Good software should deliver the required functionality and performance to the user and should be maintainable, dependable and usable. 20. Risk management is concerned with identifying risks and drawing up plans to minimize their effect on a project. 21. A development view shows the key abstractions in the system as objects or object classes. 22. Software validation is where the software is checked to ensure that it is what the customer requires. 23. Success criteria of project management include budget, time and scope. 24. System boundaries are established to define what is inside and what is outside the system. 25. The first stage in a software project may involve writing a proposal to win a contract to carry out an item of work. 26. There are many factors that influence project management including which is discussed in pre-initiation phase. 27. Validation checks if we are building the product the user really needs. 28. Software maintenance is usually cheaper than software development. 29. Refactoring is the process of making improvements to a program. 30. Increased risk and increased cost are advantages of reengineering. 31. Software design and implementation are inter-leaved activities. 32. Legacy systems are old systems that depend on outdated technologies. 33. Software costs more to maintain than it does to develop, and for systems with a long life, maintenance costs may be several times development costs. 34. Non-functional requirements are always less critical than functional requirements, meaning the system can still be useful even if non-functional requirements are not met. 35. Models of the existing system used during requirements engineering can be used as a basis for discussing the system's strengths and weaknesses, which then lead to requirements for the new system. 36. Refactoring the system architecture is usually inexpensive because it only affects a small number of components in the system. 37. In a layered architecture, when a layer interface changes, only the adjacent layer is affected. 38. The majority of the software budget in large companies is devoted to developing new software rather than changing and evolving existing software. 39. Risk management is not concerned with identifying risks and drawing up plans to minimize their effect on a project. 40. In risk analysis, the probability of a risk can only be classified as either low or high, with no intermediate categories.

Part One: Choose the correct answer 1. An external perspective defines as: a) Where you model the context or environment of the system. b) Where you model the interactions between a system and its environment, or between the components of a system. c) Where you model the organization of a system or the structure of the data that is processed by the system. d) Where you model the dynamic behavior of the system and how it responds to events. 2. An interaction perspective defines as: a) Where you model the context or environment of the system. b) Where you model the dynamic behavior of the system and how it responds to events. c) Where you model the interactions between a system and its environment, or between the components of a system. d) Where you model the organization of a system or the structure of the data that is processed by the system. 3. A behavioral perspective defines as: a) Where you model the context or environment of the system. b) Where you model the dynamic behavior of the system and how it responds to events. c) Where you model the interactions between a system and its environment, or between the components of a system. d) Where you model the organization of a system or the structure of the data that is processed by the system. 4. Which Unified Modelling Language (UML) diagram type is used to show how a system reacts to internal and external events? a) Activity diagrams b) Class diagrams c) State diagrams d) Use case diagrams 5. What is the main purpose of context models? a) To show the sequence of interactions between objects in a system b) To illustrate the operational context of a system by showing what lies outside the system boundaries c) To define the internal class structure and associations of a system d) To model the dynamic behavior of a system as it responds to stimuli 6. What is the key distinction between verification and validation? a) Verification checks system performance; validation checks system security b) Verification asks "Are we building the product right?"; validation asks "Are we building the right product"? c) Verification is done by users; validation is done by developers d) Verification focuses on defect testing; validation focuses on unit testing 7. Why must organizations continue to change and update their existing software systems? a) To comply with international software development standards b) To maintain the value of software systems as critical business assets c) To reduce the number of developers needed for new projects d) To eliminate the need for software documentation 8. System modeling represents a system using: a) Text with no diagrams b) Programming languages only c) Graphical notation based on UML d) Source code only 9. Using case diagrams helps with: a) Animations b) Documenting processes c) User interactions and requirements d) Network configuration 10. Layered architecture organizes the system into: a) Set of layers b) Set of databases c) Set of interfaces d) Set of client-servers 11. Which architecture view shows run-time process interactions? a) Logical View b) Process View c) Development View d) Physical View 12. Software change is: a) Optional b) Rare c) Inevitable d) Avoidable 13. Legacy system replacement is usually: a) Easy and cheap b) Risky and expensive c) Required every year d) Not allowed Part Two: True (T) and False (F) 14. A sequence diagram shows the sequence of interactions that take place during a particular use case or use case instance. 15. A use case diagram shows the sequence of interactions that take place during a particular use case or use case instance. 16. System design is concerned with understanding how a software system should be organized and designing the overall structure of that system.

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Q21. Regularization works mainly by: A) Adding a penalty term for large model weights to encourage simpler models B) Increasing the learning rate to speed up convergence C) Reducing the influence of less important features by shrinking their coefficients D) Adding more features to capture more patterns Q22. Which regularization method can shrink some coefficients to exactly zero, performing feature selection? A) Ridge (L2) B) Lasso (L1) C) No regularization D) Standardisation Q23. Which metric balances precision and recall by computing their harmonic mean? A) Accuracy B) ROC-AUC C) Mean Squared Error D) F1-Score Q24. Which scenario describes a situation where accuracy can be misleading as a performance measure? A) When using cross-validation B) When the dataset is perfectly balanced C) When the model has high recall D) When the classes are highly imbalanced Q25. In regression analysis, the variable that we wish to predict or explain is called the: A) Dependent variable B) Error term C) Coefficient D) Independent variable Q26. Applying machine learning responsibly includes: A) Ignoring user privacy B) Respecting privacy and data protection regulations C) Hiding how decisions are made D) Using personal data without consent Q27. Grouping customers by their purchasing behaviour for targeted marketing is an example of: A) Computing rule confidence B) Regression C) Customer segmentation using clustering D) Classification with labels Q28. A model with very high training accuracy but low test accuracy is showing signs of: A) Good generalization B) A data-collection error C) Underfitting D) Overfitting Q29. A Random Forest is an ensemble made up of many: A) Decision trees B) Neural networks C) k-means clusters D) Support vector machines Q30. Association rule mining is used to find: A) Continuous numeric predictions B) Frequent patterns and relationships in transactional data C) Image segments D) Cluster centroids Q31. Which of the following is an example of a NON-LINEAR regression model? A) A constant horizontal line B) A straight-line fit between X and Y C) Polynomial regression D) Simple linear regression Q32. Precision is calculated as: A) (TP + TN) / Total B) FP / (FP + TN) C) TP / (TP + FN) D) TP / (TP + FP) Q33. Which scenario best illustrates an association rule that is NOT useful due to its lift value? A) Juice → Bread with high confidence but lift less than 1 B) Bread, Milk → Eggs with very high support and lift greater than 1 C) Milk → Diaper with moderate support and high lift D) Bread → Butter with high lift and high confidence Q34. Feature scaling is most commonly applied to: A) Numerical features B) Boolean features C) Textual features D) All feature types Q35. What technique can help address class imbalance in a dataset? A) Increasing the learning rate to speed up training B) Removing all features with missing values C) Undersampling the majority class or oversampling the minority class D) Increasing model complexity Q36. Replacing a missing numerical value with the average of its column is called: A) Scaling B) Binning C) Encoding D) Mean imputation Q37. One-hot encoding converts a categorical feature into: A) Separate binary (0/1) columns, one per category B) A continuous numeric value C) A date feature D) A single integer per category Q38. Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that enables systems to: A) Follow only hand-written rules B) Learn patterns from data and make predictions C) Store data in tables only D) Replace every human decision Q39. The SUPPORT of an itemset is: A) The lift value of the rule B) The number of rules C) The fraction of transactions that contain the itemset D) The number of items in the rule Q40. In k-means clustering, the value of k represents: A) The number of iterations B) The number of samples C) The number of features D) The number of clusters

Q1. Which statement best describes a "good" clustering result? A) High intra-cluster similarity and low inter-cluster similarity B) All clusters must have the same number of points C) Low intra-cluster similarity and high inter-cluster similarity D) Clusters should be as large as possible Q2. Boosting trains its models: A) All in parallel on the same data B) Sequentially, each correcting the errors of the previous model C) Only once and never again D) Without any base learners Q3. Fine-tuning means: A) Deleting the training dataset B) Training a model from scratch C) Taking a pre-trained model and adjusting it for a new specific task D) Removing all the layers of a model Q4. The main benefit of using a pre-trained model is that it: A) Cannot be reused for other tasks B) Removes the need for any data C) Always need millions of new labeled data D) Requires less data and less training time for the new task Q5. Which of the following is an example of structured data? A) A relational database table B) A voice recording C) A free-text social media post D) A photograph Q6. In a typical data split, which set is used for the FINAL evaluation of the model? A) Validation set B) Test set C) Cross-validation fold D) Training set Q7. For a rule X → Y, the CONFIDENCE measures: A) The number of distinct items B) How often the itemset appears overall C) How often items in Y appears in transactions that contain X D) The total number of transactions Q8. Which algorithm is commonly used for Association Rule Mining? A) K-Means B) Random Forest C) Apriori D) Logistic Regression Q9. A responsible-AI question to ask before deploying a fine-tuned model is: A) Is the dataset balanced and could the model be biased? B) How can I hide the predictions? C) Can I ignore user privacy? D) How fast can I sell it? Q10. A LIFT value greater than 1 means the items are: A) Independent of each other B) Positively associated — bought together more than expected by chance C) Negatively associated D) Never bought together Q11. A loss function measures: A) The size of the dataset B) The speed of training C) How wrong the model's predictions are D) The number of features Q12. Ensemble learning combines multiple models to: A) Eliminate the need for data preprocessing B) Always increase model complexity C) Ensure all models make identical (same) predictions D) Improve overall prediction performance Q13. Clustering is a type of learning that: A) Groups similar data points together without predefined labels B) Predicts continuous values C) Always requires a target variable D) Uses labelled data to predict classes Q14. Classification is the task of predicting: A) A continuous numeric value B) A category or class label for an input C) Clusters without any labels D) The number of features Q15. In regression, R-squared (R²) represents: A) The learning rate B) The average prediction speed of the model C) The proportion of variance in the target variable explained by the model D) The number of independent variables Q16. In regularization, the parameter α (alpha) controls: A) The dataset size B) The learning rate used during model training C) The number of features D) The strength of the penalty Q17. For a classification task, a Random Forest produces its final prediction by: A) Taking a majority vote across all the trees B) Choosing the deepest tree C) Averaging the number of nodes D) Using only the first tree's output Q18. A LOWER Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) value in K-Means clustering indicates: A) Data points within clusters are closer to their centroids B) Clusters are more spread out C) The clustering algorithm required fewer iterations D) The model has the optimal number of clusters Q19. K-Means continues iterating until: A) Every cluster has the same size B) None of the objects change membership C) Accuracy reaches 100% D) K becomes zero Q20. Which of the following is a well-known PRE-TRAINED model used in NLP? A) k-means B) Apriori C) Linear regression D) BERT

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