Redox Tube

🧜‍♂️Vitamins_Deficiency🧜‍♂️ 1- Vitamin “A”: Night blindness 2- Vitamin “B1”: Beriberi 3- Vitamin “B2”: Ariboflavinosis 4- Vitamin “B3”: Pellagra 5- Vitamin “B5”: Parestheia 6- Vitamin “B6”: Anemia 7- Vitamin “B7”: Dermititis and enteritis 8- Vitamin “B9” - “B12”: Megaloblastic anemia 9- Vitamin “B17”: Cancer 10- Vitamin “C”: Scurvy and swelling of gums 11- Vitamin “D”: Rickets and Osteomalacia 12- Vitamin “E”: less fertility 13- Vitamin “K”: Non-Clotting of blood https://t.me/Redox_Tube

NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + NH3 (pungent smell) + H2O https://t.me/Redox_Tube

✅Notes on s-Block Elements: Covalent Character:. Small cation and large anion favors covalency. Order: LiCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl & . LiI > LiBr > LiCl > LiF Greater the charge on the cation greater is its polarizing power and hence larger is the covalent character: Na+CI- < Mg+2CI2 < AI+3 CI3 Greater the charge on the anion, more easily it gets polarized thereby imparting more covalent character to the compound formed eg covalent character increase in the order. NaCI < Na2SO4 < Na3PO4 c) Lattice Energies: Amount of energy required to separate one mole of solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions. Greater the lattice energy, higher is the melting point of the alkali metals halide and lower is its solubility in water d) Hydration Energy: Amount of energy released when one mole of gaseous ions combine with water to form hydrated ions. M+ (g) + aq → M+ (aq) + hydration energy X- (g) + aq → X- (aq) + hydration energy Higher the hydration energy of the ions greater is the solubility of the compound in water. The solubility of the most of alkali metal halides except those of fluorides decreases on descending the group since the decrease in hydration energy is more than the corresponding decrease in the lattice energy. Due to high hydration energy of Li+ ion, Lithium halides are soluble in water except LiF which is sparingly soluble due to its high lattice energy. For the same alkali metal the melting point decreases in the order fluoride > chloride > bromide > iodide For the same halide ion, the melting point of lithium halides are lower than those of the corresponding sodium halides and thereafter they decrease as we move down the group from Na to Cs. The low melting point of LiCl (887 K) as compared to NaCl is probably because LiCl is covalent in nature and NaCl is ionic. Anomalous Behavior of Lithium and diagonal relationship with Magnesium: Li has anomalous properties due to Very small size High polarizing Power Lithium show diagonal relationship with magnesium because both elements have almost same polarizing power. The melting point and boiling point of lithium are comparatively high. Lithium is much harder than the other alkali metals. Magnesium is also hard metal. Lithium reacts with oxygen least readily to form normal oxide whereas other alkali metals form peroxides and superoxides. LiOH like Mg (OH)2 is weak base. Hydroxides of other alkali metals are strong bases. Due to their appreciable covalent nature, the halides and alkyls of lithum and magnesium are soluble in organic solvents. Unlike elements of group 1 but like magnesium. Lithium forms nitride with nitrogen.6Li + N2 → 2Li3N LiCl is deliquescent and crystallizes as a hydrate, LiCI2H2O. Other alkali metals do not form hydrates. also forms hydrate, MgCI2.8H2O . Unlike other alkali metals lithium reacts directly with carbon to form an ionic carbide. Magnesium also forms a similar carbide. The carbonates, hydroxides and nitrates of lithium as well as magnesium decompose on heating. Li2CO3 → Li2O + CO2 MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 2LiOH → Li2O + H2O Mg (OH)2 → MgO + H2O 4LiNO3 → 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2 2Mg ( NO3)2 → 2Mg + 4NO2 +O2 The corresponding salts of other alkali metals are stable towards heat. Lithium nitrate, on heating, decomposes to give lithium oxide, Li2O whereas other alkali metals nitrate decomposes to give the corresponding nitrite. 4LiNO3 → 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2 2NaNO3 → 2NaNO2 + O2 2KNO3 → 2KNO2 + O2 Li2CO3, LiOH, LiF and Li3PO4 are the only alkali metal salts which are insoluble in water. The corresponding magnesium compounds are also insoluble in water. Hydrogen carbonates of both lithium and magnesium can not be isolated in solid state. Hydrogen carbonates of other alkali metals can be isolated in solid state. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): a. Properties NaOH is stable towards heat but is reduced to metal when heated with carbon 2NaOH + 2C → 2Na +2CO + H2 FeCl3 + 3NaOH →Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl

🌀Chemical Properties of Alkali Earth Metals: 1. Reaction with water : Mg + H2O → MgO + H2 or, Mg + 2H2O → Mg (OH)2 + H2 Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2 2. Formation of oxides and nitrides Be + O2 (air) +Δ→ 2BeO 3Be + N2 (air) +Δ → Be3N2 Mg + air + Δ → MgO + Ng3N2 3. Formation of Nitrides 3M + N2 + Δ → M3N2 Be3N2 + Δ → 3Be + N2 Ba3N2 + 6H2O + Δ → 3Ba (OH)2 + 2NH3 Ca3N2 + 6H2O + Δ → 3Ca (OH)2 + 2NH3 4. Reaction with hydrogen: M + H2 + Δ → MH2 Both BeH2 and MgH2 are covalent compounds having polymeric structures in which H – atoms between beryllium atoms are held together by three centre – two electron (3C - 2e) bonds as shown below: 5. Reaction with carbon – (Formation of carbides) When BeO is heated with carbon at 2175 – 2275 K a brick red coloured carbide of the formula Be2C is formed 2BeO +2C \xrightarrow[]{2175 - 2275 K}Be_2C +2CO It is a covalent compound and react water forming methane. Be2C + 4H2O → 2Be (OH)2 + CH4 6. Reaction with Ammonia: Like alkali metal, the alkaline earth metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to give deep blue black solution from which ammoniates [ M (NH3)6 ]2+ can be recovered. Anamolous Behaviour of Beryllium: Be is harder than other members of its group. Be is lighter than Mg. Its melting and boiling points are higher than those of Mg & other members. Be does not react with water while Mg reacts with boiling water. BeO is amphoteric while MgO is weakly basic. Be forms covalent compounds whereas other members form ionic compounds. Beryllium carbide reacts with water to give methane whereas carbides of other alkaline earth metals gives acetylene gas. Be2C + 4H2O → 2Be (OH)2 + CH4 Mg2C2 + 2H2O → Mg (OH)2 + C2H2 CaC2 + 2H2O → Ca (OH)2 + C2H2 Beryllium does not exhibit coordination number more than four as it has four orbitals in the valence shell. The other members of this group has coordination number Diagonal relationship of Be with Al: Unlike groups – 2 elements but like aluminium, beryllium forms covalent compounds. The hydroxides of Be, [Be(OH)2] and aluminium [Al(OH)3] are amphoteric in nature, whereas those of other elements of group – 2 are basic in nature. The oxides of both Be and Al i.e. BeO and Al2O3 are high melting insoluble solids. BeCl2 and AlCl3 have bridged chloride polymeric structure. The salts of beryllium as well as aluminium are extensively hydrolysed. Carbides of both the metal reacts with water liberating methane gas. Be2C + 4H2O → 2Be (OH)2 + CH4 AI4C3 + 12H2O → 4Al (OH)3 + 3CH4 The oxides and hydroxides of both Be and Al are amphoteric and dissolve in sodium hydroxide as well as in hydrochloric acid. BeO + 2HCI → BeCI2 + H2O BeO + 2NaOH → Na2BeO2 + H2O Al2O3 + 6HCI → 2AICI3 + H2O AI2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAIO2 + H2O Like Al, Be is not readily attacked by acids because of the presence of an oxide film. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3): It occurs in nature as marble, limestone, chalk, coral, calcite, etc. It is prepared as a white powder, known as precipitated chalk, by dissolving marble or limestone in hydrochloric acid and removing iron and aluminium present by precipitating with NH3, and then adding ammonium carbonate to the solution; the precipitate is filtered, washed and dried. CaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 →CaCO3 + 2NH4Cl It dissolves in water containing CO2, forming Ca(HCO3)2 but is precipitated from solution by boiling. CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 ↔️ Ca(HCO3)2https://t.me/Redox_Tube

♨️Some important deficiency symptoms seen in plants are:- ♦️ Stunting : The growth is retarded. The stem appears condensed and short. ♦️Chlorosis : It is the loss or non-development of chlorophyll resulting in the yellowing of leaves ♦️Necrosis : It is the localized death of tissue of leaves. ♦️Mottling : Appearance of green and non- green patches on the leaves. ♦️Abscission : Premature fall of flowers, fruits and leaves. https://t.me/Redox_Tube

💠Terminologies in Progressive Wave Motion💠 ➖Amplitude ➖Period ➖Wavelength ➖Frequency ➖Wave velocity ➖Phase or phase angle (O) ➖Phase difference ➖Path difference ➖Time difference 🔹Amplitude (A): The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of any particle of the medium from its equilibrium position. 🔹Period (T): Period (T) of a wave is the time taken by any particle of the medium to complete one vibration during a period (T). 🔹Wavelength (λ): Wavelength (λ) is equal to the distance between two consecutive particles of the medium which are in the same state of vibration it is equal to the distance travelled by the wave by its time period (T). 🔹Frequency (f): It is the number of vibrations made per second by any particles of the medium (f = 1/T). Since the frequency of a wave is a characteristic property of the source which is producing the wave motion, hence, the frequency of a wave does not change when a wave travels from one medium to another medium. 🔹Phase or Phase Angle (Φ): It represents the state of vibration of the particle of a medium with respect to its mean position. 🔹Phase Difference Δ(Φ): It represents the different state of vibration of a particle at two different instants (or) any pair of particles at the same instant. ΔΦ = Φ2 – Φ1. Wave Velocity (v): It is the distance travelled by the wave in one second (v = λ/T). It is determined by the mechanical properties of the medium through which the wave propagates. The velocity of wave motion is measured with respect to the medium, the wave velocity changes when the medium is in motion i.e. speed of sound through air changes when the wind is blowing. ⇒ Check: Sound Waves There are two velocities associated with a wave. One is the wave velocity and the other one is particle velocity (which is the speed with which the particle of the medium vibrate when the wave passes through the medium). 🔹Path Difference (Δx) or (x): It indicates the distance between two points measured along the direction of propagation of the wave through the medium. 🔹Time Difference (ΔT): It indicates the time taken by the wave to travel from one point to another through the medium.https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYVzzwOmcD2Xh_LN1slZ3jQ?sub_confirmation=1