𝙳𝙴𝙽𝚃𝙰𝙻 𝚂𝚃𝚄𝙳𝚈 𝙽𝙾𝚃𝙴𝚂.𝟻

STAINS 🔘1. Periodic acid schiff (PAS) stain = fungi + parasite 🔘2. Stains for microorganisms = Gm+ و Gm- bacteria, acid-fast mycobacteria, fungi, parasite 🔘3. Argentaffin and argyrophilic stains = neuroendocrine cells and their tumors, reticulin fibers, melanin, calcium 🔘4. Congo red stain = amyloid 🔘5. Reticulin stain = reticular fibers + basement memrane 🔘6. Trichrome stain = type +amount of extracellular material 🔘7. Phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin (PTAH) stain 🔘8. Perls stain = hemosiderin 🔘9. Fontana-Masson stain = melanin 🔘10. von Kossa stain = calcium 🔘11. Neutral lipid stains 🔘12. Mucin stains = mucosubstances of neutral, slightly acidic and highly acidic types IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL MARKERS 🟣1. Actin = smooth muscle cells + myofibroblasts 🟣2. Albumin = hepatocellular + hepatoid carcinomas 🟣3. P53 = human tumors (mutation of TP53 tumor-suppressor gene) 🟣4. S-100 protein = peripheral nerve sheath + melanocytic tumors 🟣5. Desmin = smooth muscle + skeletal muscle tumors 🟣6. CD34 = normal and neoplastic endothelial cells, variety of soft tissue neoplasms (e.g. dermatofibrosarcomaprotuberans, solitary fibrous tumor)

الستينز كذلك ولو احنا ماخذيهم العام بس هم مراجعة سريعة 😞🤝🏼💞

3 بيهم ارقام 3 بيهم in بالنهاية و هم حفظوا وظائفهم طبعاً

عندنا بعد اگزامبلات، 📎الpunch biopsy تستعمل بل skin rashes, moles and other small masses 📎اما الsurface biopsy تستعمل to remove a small piece of skin to test for carcinoma (cancerous tissue)

الepidermoid تكوت بس ابيثيليم اما الdermoid يكون بيها اضافة الappendages، مثلاً شعر و غدد دهنية و عرقية

اسباب الosteoradionecrosis بالعظم 3 -hypoxia -hypocellular -hypovascular

نحل شوية أسئلة باثو؟😻

فرقوا بين الlocal factors و الsystemic factors يجوز يجي منها شي